Migraine headache causes significant burdens for both the individual and society.The pathogenesis of migraine is incompletely understood until now.The clinical therapies mainly include medical treatment,surgical treatment,behavior therapy,acupuncture and so on.However,drug treatment could only relieve symptom temporary and bring many side effects for long term use including nausea,vomiting.Surgical therapy maybe becomes an efficient method for migraine headache.The authors have reviewed the pathogenesis of migraine,anatomical basis for surgical therapy and clinical application in this article.

Studies of biological feedback (BF) for the treatment of chronic prostatitis (CP) are occasionally reported have exhibited some related problems. This article presents an evaluation of the published literature on the BF treatment of CP at home and abroad in the aspects of instrument, method, application, effect, function, and mechanism. UROSTYMTM and MyoTrac are often employed and their operating paths are basically the same. NIH prostate symptom scores, urinary function, pain, sexual function, immune function, prostate fluid, and other indicators are generally used for the analysis of the effects of BF alone or in combination with other therapies on CP and its related symptoms. Either BF alone or BF combined with other therapies can promote urination, reduce pain, improve the quality of life, attenuate inflammation, improve sexual function, adjust immunity, and lessen physical and chemical stimulation. However, the relevant literature is of low quantity and quality, the reported studies are not standardized, and exploration of the action mechanisms is neglected.
Biofeedback, Psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Prostatitis ; therapy ; Quality of Life

The purpose of establishing an evidence-based clinical pathway is to standardize the clinical practice, improve the quality of health care and cure patients' illness. Since the core of evidence-based medicine (EBM) lies in implementing the current best available evidence of clinical research to direct the decision making in clinical practice, evidence obtained from research should be kept to either in formulating a clinical practice guideline or establishing a clinical pathway. The EBM method for establishing clinical pathway was introduced in this paper, including setting up a compilation team, raising clinical relevant problems, searching and critically appraising available evidence, and incorporating them into the process of clinical pathway establishment, expecting to provide methodological guidance for establishing TCM clinical pathway in future.
Critical Pathways ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods

OBJECTIVETo analyze the impact of efforts of community-based organizations (CBO) in HIV testing mobilization and case finding among men who have sex with men(MSM).

METHODSResults of HIV testing mobilization among MSM through CBOs in 15 program areas were collected and compared with corresponding HIV case reporting data to demonstrate the contribution of CBO-based HIV testing in HIV case finding among MSM from July 2008 to December 2011. Meanwhile,the proportion of screened HIV positives who received testing results notification,confirmatory test, following up and CD4 cell tests were analyzed and compared with those identified in medical institutions.

RESULTSA total of 196 075 HIV tests were performed for MSM, as a result of mobilization efforts of CBOs. Cumulatively 7704 new HIV cases were identified, accounting for 51.7% (7704/14 914) of all newly diagnosed HIV cases infected via homosexual sex in the program areas.Among the newly diagnosed MSM HIV infections in the program areas,the proportion of infections detected through the mobilization of CBOs increased from 35.4% (609/1722) in 2008 to 63.7% (2371/3722) in 2010, and 58.3% (3024/5189) in 2011. Compared with those identified through medical institutions, newly diagnosed MSM infections detected though CBOs testing mobilization have higher rates of receiving screening testing results notification (97.3% (4441/4563) vs 92.8% (13 140/14 153)) , (84.6% (2559/3024) vs 79.8% (5589/7002)) and CD4 cell tests (66.1% (1999/3024) vs 52.9% (3705/7002)), and a lower rate of receiving confirmatory test (78.6% (3588/4563) vs 85.6% (12 115/14 153)).

CONCLUSIONCBOs can take their advantages in mobilizing MSM to receive HIV test, and MSM HIV cases detected through CBOs have become the main source of MSM HIV case finding in program areas.

Community Health Services ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; HIV Seropositivity ; Health Promotion ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening

OBJECTIVETo elucidate the effect of the low dosage endotoxin damage on the expression of the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) mRNA in hepatocytes and make an approach to the probable effect of dexamethasone on the expression of the OCT1 mRNA after endotoxin damage.

METHODS(1) The endotoxin damage model was established in rats; (2) The change of the expression of OCT1 mRNA in hepatocytes after endotoxin damage was observed by in situ hybridization method; (3) The change of the ultra structure of hepatocytes after endotoxin damage was observed with the electron microscope; (4) Dexamethasone was injected intraperitoneally before endotoxin damage in order to determine the influence of dexamethasone on the expression of OCT1 mRNA after endotoxin treatment.

RESULTSThe expression of OCT1 mRNA decreased until 16 hours (0.5745+/-0.012, P<0.01) after endotoxin treatment and then increased after this time point, which was still lower than the normal control; The expression of OCT1 mRNA in rat hepatocytes increased at each time point after endotoxin damage with dexamethasone treatment. It was highest at 16 hours (0.6327+/-0.007, P<0.01) after endotoxin damage, but it was still lower than that of the normal control.

CONCLUSIONEndotoxin could repress the expression of OCT1 mRNA even before the low dosage endotoxin inducing serious damage to the structure of hepatocytes; Dexamethasone could not induce the expression of OCT1 mRNA in normal hepatocytes, but could lighten the repression of endotoxin on the expression of OCT1 mRNA. And then the expression of OCT1 mRNA could increase at some extent after endotoxin damage with dexamethasone treatment.

Animals ; Dexamethasone ; pharmacology ; Endotoxins ; toxicity ; Male ; Organic Cation Transporter 1 ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

The chitosan/PHEA-blended hydrogels were prepared from PHEA and chitosan in various blend ratios. The water contents of the hydrogels were in the range of 50%-80% (wt). The attachment and growth of fibroblast cells(L929) on the hydrogels were studied. The results indicated the PHEA content in hydrogels has great effect on cell attachment but has little effect on the growth of L929 cells.
Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; chemistry ; Cell Adhesion ; physiology ; Cell Division ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chitin ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Chitosan ; Fibroblasts ; cytology ; physiology ; Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate ; chemistry ; Mice ; Peptides ; chemistry ; Water ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo reveal the relationship between the storage time of the bark of Magnolia officinalis and the content of phenols in it, and lay a theoretical foundation for the harvest, processing, management and storage.

METHODThe contents of magnolol and honokoiol in 15 bark samples, collected from the main producing areas in China, were determined in the time of freshly harvest and 3 and 10 years after respectively by HPLC method.

RESULTIt showed that within a certain period of time, bark storage was favorable to conversion and accumulation of phenols, that the content of magnolol tended to increase from year 0 to year 3, then followed by slight decrease with years on account of volatilization of phenols, but was still higher when the bark was stored for 10 years than that that when the bark was freshly harvested, and the content of honokoiol still tended to increase when the bark had been stored for 10 years.

CONCLUSIONThe phenols in bark of M. officinalis is quite stable and the bark can be stored for 10 years or longer.

Biphenyl Compounds ; analysis ; Drug Storage ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Lignans ; analysis ; Magnolia ; chemistry ; Plant Bark ; chemistry ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the micropermeability on bonding hydrophobic adhesive to dentin with ethanol-wet bonding under simulated pulp pressure.

METHODSTwenty-four intact human third molars were used in the study. After the enamel of occlusal surfaces was removed, the molars were randomly divided into six groups. Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose was used in the control group; in the experimental groups, the dentin surfaces were saturated with ethanol for 20 s (group 1), 1 min (group 2), 2 min (group 3), 3 min (group 4) or with a series of increasing ethanol concentrations before application of hydrophobic adhesive (group 5). All the bonding procedures were done under simulated pulp pressure. After 24 hours, micro-tensile bond strength test were performed on the specimens. Bonding interfaces were observed under laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) after the pulp chamber were filled with a water-soluble fluoroprobe rhodamine B for 3 hours.

RESULTSCompared with the control group [(38.14 ± 4.97) MPa], bond strengths in group 1 [(21.02 ± 7.23) MPa] and group 2 [(29.64 ± 3.81) MPa] were statistically lower (P > 0.05), while bond strength in group 3 [(38.40 ± 5.03) MPa], group 4 [(37.26 ± 4.68) MPa] and group 5 [(40.12 ± 5.95) MPa] were similar to the control group (P < 0.05). The images taken by LSCM showed that with extension of ethanol-wet time, the deposition of fluorescent dye in hybrid layer and along the dentinal tubules decreased gradually. Especially in group 5, only spare fluorescent dye deposition could be detected in the hybrid layer.

CONCLUSIONSDentin saturated with ethanol for more than 2 min before bonding hydrophobic adhesive to dentin could provide favorable bond strength and decreased the micropermeability of bonding interfaces under simulated pulp pressure.

Acid Etching, Dental ; Composite Resins ; Dental Bonding ; Dental Cements ; Dental Enamel ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Dentin ; Dentin-Bonding Agents ; Ethanol ; Humans ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Materials Testing ; Resin Cements ; Tensile Strength ; Water

Objective　To observe the curative effect and sid e effect of the gastrokinetic agent mosapride citrate by RCT. Methods　 42 cases of functional dyspepsia (FD) were divided into two groups rando mly, the group of mosapride(21 cases):orally administrated mosapride, 5mg, t.i.d for 4 weeks, and the control (21 cases):orally administrated domperidone, 5mg, t.i.d for 4 weeks. Symptoms and side effects were recorded before and at d 14, d 28 after administration of the medicines according to GCP and double blind pri ciple. Gastric empting test was also carried out in randomly selected patients. Results　Mosapride and domperidone were significantly effective on alleviating symptoms of the patient with FD. In mosapride treated group the half emptying time was shortened and the 120 min remain rate was reduced. No sid e effect was found. Conclusion　These results suggest that mosa pride 5 mg t.i.d. is effective and safe on alleviating symptoms of patients with FD and improving the ga stric empting time.

BACKGROUNDNatural articular cartilage has a limited capacity for spontaneous regeneration. Controlled release of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) to cartilage defects can enhance chondrogenesis. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of using biodegradable chitosan microspheres as carriers for controlled TGF-beta1 delivery and the effect of released TGF-beta1 on the chondrogenic potential of chondrocytes.

METHODSChitosan scaffolds and chitosan microspheres loaded with TGF-beta1 were prepared by the freeze-drying and the emulsion-crosslinking method respectively. In vitro drug release kinetics, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was monitored for 7 days. Lysozyme degradation was performed for 4 weeks to detect in vitro degradability of the scaffolds and the microspheres. Rabbit chondrocytes were seeded on the scaffolds containing TGF-beta1 microspheres and incubated in vitro for 3 weeks. Histological examination and type II collagen immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate the effects of released TGF-beta1 on cell adhesivity, proliferation and synthesis of the extracellular matrix.

RESULTSTGF-beta1 was encapsulated into chitosan microspheres and the encapsulation efficiency of TGF-beta1 was high (90.1%). During 4 weeks of incubation in lysozyme solution for in vitro degradation, the mass of both the scaffolds and the microspheres decreased continuously and significant morphological changes was noticed. From the release experiments, it was found that TGF-beta1 could be released from the microspheres in a multiphasic fashion including an initial burst phase, a slow linear release phase and a plateau phase. The release amount of TGF-beta1 was 37.4%, 50.7%, 61.3%, and 63.5% for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days respectively. At 21 days after cultivation, type II collagen immunohistochemical staining was performed. The mean percentage of positive cells for collagen type II in control group (32.7% +/- 10.4%) was significantly lower than that in the controlled TGF-beta1 release group (92.4% +/- 4.8%, P < 0.05). Both the proliferation rate and production of collagen type II in the transforming growth factor-beta1 microsphere incorporated scaffolds were significantly higher than those in the scaffolds without microspheres, indicating that the activity of TGF-beta1 was retained during microsphere fabrication and after growth factor release.

CONCLUSIONChitosan microspheres can serve as delivery vehicles for controlled release of TGF-beta1, and the released growth factor can augment chondrocytes proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix. Chitosan scaffolds incorporated with chitosan microspheres loaded with TGF-beta1 possess a promising potential to be applied for controlled cytokine delivery and cartilage tissue engineering.

Animals ; Cartilage ; metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; Chitosan ; administration & dosage ; Chondrocytes ; cytology ; Drug Carriers ; Microspheres ; Rabbits ; Tissue Engineering ; methods ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; administration & dosage ; chemistry