OBJECTIVETo evaluate the impact of nicotine- and tar-free cigarette smoke extract (fCSE) on the serum testosterone (T) level and erectile function of male rats.

METHODSWe randomized 30 male SD rats to three groups of equal number to receive subcutaneous injection of PBS (1.0 ml / 300 g body weight per day), fCSE (1.0 ml/300 g body weight per day), and reduced glutathione hormone (GSH, 200 mg per kg body weight per day) in addition to fCSE (fCSE + GSH), respectively, all for 8 weeks. Then we evaluated the erectile function of the rats by measuring the maximal intracavernous pressure (MICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), ICP/MAP ratio, time of stimulation to MICP (Tmax), and cavernosal filling fate (CFR). We determined the serum T level, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) , malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the cavernosal tissue, and also observed the morphological changes of the corpus cavernosum.

RESULTSCompared with the controls, the rats of the fCSE group showed obvious decreases in the levels of serum T ([5.37 ± 1.43] vs [3.22 ± 1.11] μg/L), NOS ([2.90 ± 0.27] vs [1.67 ± 0.18] U/mg) , and SOD ([18.41 ± 1.09] vs [13.36 ± 1.18] U/mg prot) and erectile function-related indexes MICP ([85.92 ± 6.36] vs [58.99 ± 10.76] mmHg), MICP/MAP (0.86 ± 0.09 vs [0.56 ± 0.08]), and CFR (2.14 ± 0.44 vs 0.89 ± 0.44), but markedly increased Tmax ([29.90 ± 5.78] vs [42.90 ± 8.56]s), with a positive correlation between the serum T level and CFR (r = 0. 364, P < 0.05). Masson staining revealed a lower ratio of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle tissue to collagen fiber in the fCSE group (0.27 ± 0.04) than in the control (0.98 ± 0.12). Compared with the fCSE group, the fCSE + GSH group exhibited significantly improved MICP ([58.99 ± 10.76 ] vs [77.95 ± 7.71] mmHg), MICP/MAP (0.56 ± 0.08 vs 0.77 ± 0.09), and CFR (0.89 ± 0.44] vs 1.76 ± 0.42) and shortened Tmax ([42.90 ± 8.56 ] vs [32.10 ± 5.84 ] s). The ratio of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle tissue to collagen fiber was higher in the fCSE + GSH than in the fCSE group (0.77 ± 0.09 vs 0.27 ± 0.04) but still lower than in the control (0.98 ± 0.12).

CONCLUSIONNicotine- and tar-free cigarette smoke extract reduces the serum T level and erectile function of rats, which is related to oxidative stress. Antioxidant therapy can improve erectile function but has a limited value for morphological protection of the penile tissue.

Animals ; Erectile Dysfunction ; chemically induced ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Muscle, Smooth ; pathology ; Nicotine ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; Penile Erection ; drug effects ; Penis ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Smoke ; adverse effects ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Tars ; Tobacco ; adverse effects

Objective To evaluate the effects of different dosages of rocuronium on abdominal wound closure under general anesthesia.Methods Ninety ASA class I or II patients scheduled for elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia were randomized into three groups with 30 cases each.Each group received rocuronium 1 time of ED95 (0.3 mg/kg),0.5 time of ED95 (0.15 mg/kg),0.2 time of ED95 (0.06 mg/kg) respectively when closing the abdominal wall.TOF recovered to 25%, 75%, 90%, time of eye-opening on command, time of head-lift for more than 5 seconds,extubation time, the rate of upper airways obstruction after extubation and the satisfaction score for the muscle relaxation to general surgeons were recorded.Results TOF values had no significantly different among the three groups before abdominal wound closure (P＞0.05).Compared with group A and group B,time of TOF in group C was significangtly increased after administration of rocuronium (P＜0.05) . Time of TOF recovery to 25%, 75%, 90%in group C were significangtly decreased (P＜0.01).Compared with group A and group B, time of eye-opening on command ,head-lift for more than 5 seconds and extubation time were significantly shorter in group C.There were 8,4,0 patients undwent upper airways obstruction among each group respectively after extubation (P＜0.05).The satisfaction score for muscle relaxation among three groups had no significant difference.Conclusion An additional administration of 0.2 time of ED95 (0.06 mg/kg) rocuronium before abdominal wound closure in abdominal surgery can achieve satisfactory muscle relaxation for surgeons.

This paper put forward a more accurate identification method for identification of Chinese materia medica (CMM), the systematic identification of Chinese materia medica (SICMM) , which might solve difficulties in CMM identification used the ordinary traditional ways. Concepts, mechanisms and methods of SICMM were systematically introduced and possibility was proved by experiments. The establishment of SICMM will solve problems in identification of Chinese materia medica not only in phenotypic characters like the mnorphous, microstructure, chemical constituents, but also further discovery evolution and classification of species, subspecies and population in medical plants. The establishment of SICMM will improve the development of identification of CMM and create a more extensive study space.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Materia Medica

Objective To investigate and control the outbreak of infection caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) in a gastroenterology intensive care unit (ICU), so as to provide reference for the prevention and control of clinical multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs).Methods Epidemiological investigation was conducted on 3 patients with CRKP infection in a gastroenterology ICU on January 21-31, 2018, specimens were collected with environmental biology monitoring method, CRKP in environment was searched, homology between patients and environmental isolates were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).Results Three patients were all isolated CRKP from sputum and blood specimens, all were male, with adjacent beds in the same ward, and treated by the same doctor.The number of isolated CRKP and infection rate in January 2018 were higher than those in other months, infection rate was significantly different (χ2=13.67, P＜0.01).A total of 102 environmental specimens were collected, including air and surface of objects, only 1 of which (nurse's uniform) was isolated 1 strain of KP.PFGE typing of KP isolated from patients and environment showed that there were two genotypes A and B, KP isolated from uniform of a nurse, hydrops abdominis and blood specimen of patient at bed 07, blood specimen of patient at bed 08, as well as sputum and blood specimen of patient at bed 09 were all type A, KP isolated from sputum specimen of patient at bed 07 was type B, KP isolated from hydrops abdominis in patient at bed 09 was not be typed.After comprehensive intervention, CRKP was not no longer isolated from 3 patients, and there was no new case in the ward.Conclusion Imperfect implementation of prevention and control measures for MDROs by health care workers may be an important cause for the spread of CRKP.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship among occupational stress,job satisfaction and psychological capital in oil workers,to analyze the role of psychological capital in mediating occupational stress and job satisfaction. METHODS: By cluster random sampling method,1 837 oil workers in western Liaoning area were chosen as study subjects. The EffortReward Imbalance,Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and Psy Cap Questionnaire( PCQ-24) were used to investigate their occupational stress, job satisfaction and psychological capital. RESULTS: The average score of oil workers in occupational stress was( 66. 17 ± 6. 78),and the score of job satisfaction was( 68. 13 ± 14. 03),the score of psychological capital was( 96. 65 ± 20. 36). Internal investment,return on dimension of occupational stress and psychological capital and job satisfaction was positively correlated [the correlation coefficient( r) was 0. 09,0. 25,0. 62,respectively,P <0. 05]. The external dimensions and job satisfaction was negatively correlated( r =- 0. 27,P < 0. 05). Occupational stress and psychological capital had direct prediction on job satisfaction( P < 0. 05). Psychological capital on the mediation effect of occupational stress and job satisfaction was 0. 34,29. 11 % of the total effect. CONCLUSION: Occupational stress and job satisfaction was partially mediated by psychological capital. Adjusting the psychological capital can reduce the occupational stress and affect job satisfaction of oil workers.

Objective:To investigate and analyze the clinical phenotypes and genotypes in children diagnosed with nephronophthisis (NPHP), and to provide references for clinical diagnosis.Methods:Clinical data of 9 children with NPHP diagnosed by genetic testing in the Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children′s Hospital from April 2017 to January 2022 were retrospectively collected. The clinical characteristics and genetic test results were analyzed.Results:The median onset age was 11.2(3.4, 14.2) years old in 9 patients, including 5 females and 4 males. There were 8 cases of glomerular proteinuria, 8 cases of renal tubular proteinuria, and 7 cases of reduced urinary gravity in 9 patients. All the children had varying degrees of impaired renal function at the time of diagnosis. Seven cases entered chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5, 1 case entered CKD stage 3, and 1 case entered CKD stage 4 at the time of diagnosis. All the children had renal ultrasound abnormalities of varying degrees: size change (3/9), echo enhancement (8/9) and cysts (3/9). Extrarenal phenotypes were present in 3 children. Genetic test showed that 6 patients had mutation of NPHP1 gene, 1 patient had mutation of WDR19 gene, 1 patient had mutation of NPHP3 gene and 1 patient had mutation of NPHP5 gene. Conclusions:Deletion mutation of NPHP1 gene is the most common, while NPHP3, NPHP5 and extremely rare WDR19 mutations have also been found in NPHP patients. The clinical manifestations of NPHP are not typical, so it is necessary to find a specific diagnosis method in the early.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs) are a group of naturally occurring alkaloids with a pyrrolizidine skeleton which can be found in about 3% of the world's flowering plants. It is notorious that PAs are cause the hepatoxic and genotoxic-carcinogenic effects by taking PA-containing herbs, food and dietary supplements. In order to control the poisoning caused by PAs, European Medicines Agency has set a limit of intake of PAs from herbal medicinal products at 0.007 μg of 1,2-unsaturated PAs/kg body weight. Nonetheless, a systematic overview of the amount of PAs in the herb has not been provided. Therefore, this paper is to systematically review the current status of PAs content analysis of herbal medicines and foods reported in the literature, and to provide theoretical and experimental support for the safety risk assessment and control of PAs in Chinese herbal medicines.
Food ; Herbal Medicine ; Phytotherapy ; Plants, Medicinal ; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids/toxicity*

The aim of the present study was to determine the metabolic changes and possible toxic mechanisms of ketamine-associated bladder toxicity. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated into a control group, a low-dose group and a high-dose group. The behavior of these rats was observed every day. In addition, the weight, 2 h urinary frequency and organ coefficient of the bladder were measured. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Urinary metabolites were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Animal Experiment Center of Southwest Medical University (No. 201901-98). After 12 weeks of administration, the frequency of 2 h urination and the bladder mass index were significantly different in the low-dose and high-dose groups compared with the control group. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Bladder HE staining showed that long-term administration of ketamine could induce cystitis. The concentrations of the three common differential metabolites, including 3-aminoisobutyric acid, citric acid and uric acid in the low-dose and the high-dose groups were increased compared with those in the control group. This study indicates that 3-aminoisobutyric acid, citric acid and uric acid and their related metabolic pathways may be closely related to ketamine-associated bladder toxicity.

The present study systematically evaluated the efficacy and safety of Pushen capsule （PC） in the treatment of hyperlipidemia （HPL） to provide the basis for its clinical application in the future. The randomized controlled trials （RCTs） of PC in treating HPL were comprehensively retrieved from four Chinese databases and three English databases. The included RCTs were evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool， followed by the Meta-analysis by RevMan 5.3. Twenty-four RCTs were included， with 2 634 patients involved. The patients in the experimental group were treated with PC， PC combined with conventional therapy，or PC combined with other Chinese patent medicine. The cases in the control group were treated conventionally or by other Chinese patent medicine. Meta-analysis results showed that PC alone or in combination was superior to the treatment in the control group in improving total cholesterol （TC），triglyceride （TG），high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C），low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C），and total response rate. Fourteen trials reported adverse reactions， including seven reporting specific results. The adverse reactions were dominated by epigastric discomfort， but the difference was not statistically significant. However， affected by the quality of the included trials，the evidence strength of the conclusion of this study is graded low. More high-quality RCTs reported in detail are needed for further confirmation.

This study analyzed and reported the basic information and clinical evidence of Chinese patent medicines for digestive system diseases in children in a scoping review manner. Based on the drug instructions, the basic information of Chinese patent medicines for digestive system diseases in children was obtained by searching the three lists of national medicines. At the same time, the relevant clinical literatures from the first day of establishment to March 7, 2022 were obtained from Chinese and English databases. According to the screening criteria, 39 Chinese patent medicines were included, involving 8 dosage forms. Eight Chinese medicines including Crataegi Fructus, Poria, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Hordei Fructus Germinatus, Arecae Semen, Massa Medicata Fermentata, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma were frequently used, and the main effects were invigorating spleen, checking diarrhea, promoting digestion, clearing heat, and harmonizing stomach. The indications for Chinese patent medicines were mainly diarrhea, anorexia, food accumulation, dyspepsia, and rotavirus enteritis in children. Among all drug instructions, only 4 mentioned adverse reactions and 6 mentioned contraindications. Ninety-two clinical studies were included ultimately, including 84 randomized controlled studies, 2 systematic reviews/Meta-analysis, 1 retrospective study, and 5 case series. The literatures only covered 21 kinds of Chinese patent medicines, with the most studies related to Xingpi Yanger Granules, accounting for 32.6% of the total literature volume. The sample size in the literatures was mainly focused on 51-200 cases, and 51-100 cases were selected by the most literatures, accounting for 34.45%. The interventions of the experimental group were mainly Chinese patent medicines or Chinese patent medicines combined with western medicines. The literatures with treatment course of 0-7 d accounted for the largest proportion(51.10%). The effective rate and symptom improvement time were used as the indexes to evaluate the results. The main adverse reactions were vomiting, constipation, nausea, rash, cold, diarrhea, redness of the skin around the umbilicus, or red itchy skin. The analysis of this study found that Chinese patent medicines have good curative effect and research prospects in the treatment of digestive system diseases in children. However, most clinical evidence has problems, such as limited indexes to evaluate the results, lack of traditional Chinese medicine characteristics, uneven quantity and low quality of Chinese patent medicine literatures, and insufficient specification of instructions. In the future, high-quality clinical studies on this field should be actively carried out, and economic studies and clinical comprehensive evaluation of Chinese patent medicines should be strengthened to explore the characteristics and advantages of its treatment, so as to provide decision-making basis for finding the accurate clinical positioning and promoting the rational clinical application of Chinese patent medicines for treating digestive system diseases in children.
Child ; China ; Diarrhea/drug therapy* ; Digestive System Diseases/drug therapy* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Nonprescription Drugs/adverse effects* ; Retrospective Studies