Objective:To explore the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of bladder squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC)and bladder adenocarcinoma.Methods:A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 107 patients with nonurothelial carcinoma of the bladder admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from October 2011 to January 2019 was performed. Among the 107 patients, 78 were males and 29 were females(ratio 2.69∶1), and the median age of onset was 62.0 years. According to histological types, patients were divided into SqCC group, urachal adenocarcinoma group and non-urachal adenocarcinoma group. There were 55 cases in the SqCC group, including 40 males and 15 females. Their mean age was 69.0(58.0, 75.0) years. 14 cases had the history of smoking. The clinic manifestation included hematuria in 35 cases, bladder irritation in 13 cases, dysuria in 2 cases and pain in 5 cases .Tumors located at the anterior and posterior walls in 18 cases, at the lateral wall in 27 cases, at the triangular area in 8 cases and at the apical wall in 2 cases. The average diameter of tumor was 4.5(3.0, 6.0) cm. 37 cases suffered with single tumor and 18 cases suffered with multiple tumors. The surgical method was radical cystectomy in 38 cases, partial cystectomy in 4 cases, TURBT in 9 cases, interventional surgery in 2 cases, and no operation in 2 cases. There were 20 cases in the urachal adenocarcinoma group, including 14 males and 6 females; age 53.5(43.5, 57.8) years; 6 cases with a history of smoking. The clinic manifestation included hematuria in 16 cases, bladder irritation in 1 case, pain in 2 cases and asymptomatic in 1 case. Tumors located at anterior and posterior walls in 4 cases and at apical wall in 16. The average diameter of tumor was 3.0(2.0, 4.8) cm. Single tumor was present in 18 cases, multiple tumors were present in 2 cases. The surgical method was partial cystectomy in 16 cases, radical cystectomy in 1 case, TURBT in 1 case and no operation in 2 cases. There were 32 cases in the non-urachal adenocarcinoma group, including 24 males and 8 females. Their mean age was 55.0(46.3, 70.8) years.11 cases had a history of smoking. The clinic manifestation included hematuria in 16 cases, bladder irritation in 3 cases, dysuria in one case and pain in 7 cases. Tumor located at anterior and posterior walls in 17 cases, at lateral wall in 7 cases, at triangular area in 5 cases and at apical wall in 3 cases. The average diameter of tumor was 3.6(2.0, 4.5) cm. 23 cases suffered with single tumor, 9 cases suffered with multiple tumors.The surgical method was radical cystectomy in 11 cases, partial cystectomy in 9 cases, TURBT in 9 cases , and no operation in 3 cases. The preoperative data of the three groups of tissue types were compared, the differences of age of onset, tumor diameter, tumor location, reason for treatment, operation method ( P<0.05)among the 3 groups were statistically significant. The clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of the 3 groups of tissue types were compared, and the Cox proportional regression risk model was used to analyze the clinical factors affecting the prognosis. Results:91 patients were followed up, the overall follow-up rate was 85.1%, the median follow-up time was 26(7, 48) months. The 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 54.1% and 42.2%, respectively. In the SqCC group, 11 cases received chemotherapy; 3 cases received postoperative radiotherapy; 12 cases received postoperative perfusion.10 cases had recurrence; 17 cases had lymph node metastasis; 19 cases had distant metastasis; 5 cases were pT x in pT stage, 36 cases were pT 1-pT 2, 14 cases were pT 3-pT 4. 19 cases had unknown tumor differentiation, 4 cases had well differentiated, 24 cases had moderately differentiated and 8 cases had poorly differentiated. In the urachal adenocarcinoma group, 7 cases received chemotherapy, 3 cases had recurrence, 2 cases had lymph node metastasis, 2 cases had distant metastasis; 1 case was pT x in pT stage, 16 cases were pT 1-pT 2, 3 cases were pT 3-pT 4. 9 cases had unknown tumor differentiation, 3 cases had well differentiated, and 5 cases had moderately differentiated, 3 cases had poorly differentiated. In the urachal adenocarcinoma group, 3 cases received chemotherapy, 1 case received postradiotherapy, 11 cases received postoperative perfusion; 10 cases had recurrence. 5 cases had lymph node metastasis, 4 cases had distant metastasis, 6 cases were pT x, 21 cases were pT 1-pT 2 and 5 cases were pT 3-pT 4. 14 cases had unknown tumor differentiation, 8 cases had moderately differentiated and 10 cases had poorly differentiated.The postoperative general data of the three groups of tissue types were compared. There was statistically significant difference between whether there was postoperative perfusion and whether there was distant metastasis (all P<0.05). The univariate analysis results showed gender, age, surgical method, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, pT staging, tumor differentiation and histological type were risk factors that affect the prognosis(all P<0.05). Cox multivariate analysis showed that women ( HR=2.604, P=0.032) and distant metastases ( HR=2.571, P=0.026) were independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients. Conclusions:SqCC and adenocarcinoma are clinically rare and have poor prognosis. They often present with hematuria. Surgical treatment is the first choice. Radical cystectomy is the first choice for SqCC and non-urachal adenocarcinoma, and extended partial cystectomy is the first choice for urachal adenocarcinoma. Female and distant metastasis are independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients.

Objective: To systematically review the safety and efifciency for dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) ≤ 6 months and DAPT ≥ 12 months in patients after drug eluting stent (DES) implantation. Methods: We collected the data for randomized clinical trials for DAPT ≤ 6 months and DAPT ≥ 12 months in patients after DES implantation up to 2015-01 by searching the literatures of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Chinese literature database, and meanwhile collected the relevant reporting cases from both domestic and international cardiovascular conferences for this study. There were 2 investigators independently conducted the literature screening, data extraction and quality evaluation, Meta analysis was performed with STATA 12.0 software. Results: A total of 15,378 patients from 7 eligible studies were enrolled and the patients were divided into 2 groups: DAPT ≤ 6 months group,n=7672 and DAPT ≥ 12 months group,n=7706. Meta analysis indicated that DAPT ≤ 6 months could effectively reduce the major bleeding (OR=0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.91,P=0.017). While the other incidences between 2 groups were similar as all cause death (OR=0.90, 95% CI 0.73-1.11,P=0.314), cardiac death (OR=0.93, 95% CI 0.70-1.24,P=0.617), myocardial infarction (OR=1.13, 95% CI 0.91-1.41,P=0.275), in stent thrombosis (OR=1.21, 95% CI 0.79-1.85,P=0.382) and cerebrovascular accidents (OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.66-1.51,P=1.000). Conclusion: The incidence rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events are similar in patients with DAPT ≤ 6 months and DAPT ≥ 12 months after DES implantation. DAPT ≤ 6 month had the lower risk of bleeding, which is rather suitable for the patients received new generation of DES, with higher risk of bleeding, lower risk of thrombosis and with poor compliance to medication; however, the large and randomized clinical trials are needed to make ifnal conclusion.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the distribution of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) gene polymorphisms between the Uygurs and the Hans in Urumqi and the association of the polymorphisms with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP).

METHODSICP cases and controls from a hospital were recruited from April 2008 to April 2011,and a total of 105 ICP patients in Uygurs case group and 105 ICP patients in Hans case group were randomly selected, meanwhile, 105 Uygurs and 105 Hans healthy pregnant women were recruited as control group. The distribution of Rsa I and Alu I of ERbeta gene polymorphism were analyzed by PCR amplification and restriction and other molecular biology approaches. Data were analyzed by chi2 and Fisher exact probability.

RESULTSIn Uygurs case group, the genotype frequencies of rr, Rr,RR,aa, Aa and AA were 39.0% (41 cases), 50.5% (53 cases), 10.5% (11 cases), 62.7% (66 cases), 30.5% (32 cases), 6.8% (7 cases). In Uygurs control group, the frequencies were 21.0% (22 cases), 56.2% (59 cases), 22.8% (24 cases), 80.0% (84 cases), 18.1% (19 cases), 1.9% (2 cases). In Hans case group, the genotype frequencies of rr, Rr, RR, aa, Aa and AA were 40. 0% (42 cases), 45.7% (48 cases), 14.3% (15 cases), 66.7% (70 cases), 29.5% (31 cases), 3.8% (4 cases). In Hans control group,the frequencies were 29.5% (31 cases), 57.2% (60 cases), 13.3% (14 cases), 74.2% (78 cases), 23.8% (25 cases), 2.0% (2 cases). The genotype frequencies were not statistically significant between the two case groups and between the two control groups (all P values > 0.05), and between two Hans groups (P > 0.05). The frequencies of RRaa in the Uygur case group was lower(4. 76% ,5 cases)than control group (13.33%, 14 cases) (P <0.05), while the frequencies of rrAa in the Uygur case group was significantly higher (14. 29% ,15 cases)than control group (2.86%, 3 cases) (all P values < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe distribution of ERbeta gene polymorphism is of no significant difference between the Uygurs and Hans, ERbeta gene polymorphism may correlate with pathogenesis of ICP in the Uygurs other than in the Hans, and rrAa might be risk factor for ICP in the Uygurs.

Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Cholestasis, Intrahepatic ; ethnology ; genetics ; Estrogen Receptor beta ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Minority Groups ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; ethnology ; genetics ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of different preparation methods on the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL) of paclitaxel-loaded polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles (PTX-PBCA-NPs) and optimize the preparation of PTX-PBCA-NPs.

METHODSWith DL and EE as the major indexes, the qualities of PTX-PBCA-NPs produced by the interfacial polymerization and emulsion polymerization method were compared. The optimized prescription was obtained by orthogonal design.

RESULTSThe ranges of EE of PTX-PBCA-NPs with the two methods were both 94.39%-99.23%. The highest DL with interfacial polymerization was (1.07-/+0.03)%, as compared to (0.86-/+0.01)% with emulsion polymerization. The optimized preparation conditions resulted in the mean size of PTX-PBCA-NPs of 235.6 nm, DL of 0.80%, and EE of 95.71%.

CONCLUSIONThe EE of PTX-PBCA-NPs prepared by the above two methods is consistent with the requirement of the Pharmacopoeia of China, and PTX-PBCA-NPs containing higher DL can be obtained via interfacial polymerization.

Delayed-Action Preparations ; chemical synthesis ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Enbucrilate ; chemistry ; Nanoparticles ; chemistry ; Paclitaxel ; administration & dosage ; Polymerization

OBJECTIVECapsaicin transfersomes were prepared and its quality specifications were evaluated.

METHODCapsaicin transfersomes were prepared by high shear dispersing machine and evaluated on the entrapment efficiency, drugs release rate and in vitro skin permeation.

RESULTCapsaicin transfersomes is composed of single unilamellar vesicles, with average size of 150.6 nm. Capsaicin entrapment efficiency achieved 96.7% while concentration of lecithin used was 8%. cumulative release amount of capsaicin was in direct proportion to the ethanol concentration in the medium. The in vitro rate cumulative penetration rate of capsaicin was higher in transfersomes than in cream and suspension in rats. Adomen skin cumulative penetration rate in vitro of capsaicin transfersomes in mouse was significantly higher than that from rat and men. In the same way,cumulative penetration rate in vitro of capsaicin transfersomes through abdomen skin epidermal membrance was significantly higher than that with derma and full skin in men.

CONCLUSIONEntrapment efficiency of capsaicin transfersomes reached 96.7%, meeting the criterion of China pharmacopia( > 80%), skin penetration of capsaicin was enhanced by a capsaicin transfersomes preparation and was affected by diverse characters and levels of skin.

Administration, Cutaneous ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Animals ; Capsaicin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; methods ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Particle Size ; Phosphatidylcholines ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Skin ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Skin Absorption ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo analyze the reason of biochemical suboptimal response in CHB patients with complete virological response after more than 2 years standard treatment with Nucleos(t)-ide analogs (NUCs).To evaluate the efficacy and safety profiles of bicyclol tablets plus on the basis of the original treatment and lifestyle intervention. in CHB patients complicated with fatty liver.

METHODSIn 40 patients with chronic hepatitis B meeting the inclusion criteria,the liver biopsy was conducted.And patients complicated with fatty liver were treated with bicyclol tablets (25 mg, t.i.d) additional consecutive 48 weeks. The changes of serum biochemistry indexes and liver fibrosis index were observed before and after treatment.

RESULTSAmong 40 patients, 27 were complicated with fatty liver(69.23%), fatty degree in liver cell and liver inflammatory were closely related to the advanced fibrosis (x² =4.746, P=0.029; x² =5.072, P=0.024). The expression of HBsAg in serum and liver tissue showed no correlation with the advanced fibrosis (x² = 0.273, P=0.601; x² = 0.020, P =0.887) After bicyclol tablets treatment, serum biochemistry of patients complicated with fatty liver significantly decreased (F=58.045, P =0.000), plasma GST-PX significantly increased (t=15.109, P =0.000), plasma MDA significantly decreased (t=-10.786, P=0.000); LSM significantly decreased (t=2.255, P=0.036; t =5.376, P =0.002).

CONCLUSIONFor the antiviral purpose of guide treatment, CHB patients treated with Nucleos(t)-ide analogs (NUCs) with biochemical suboptimal response, other risk factors should be considered as early as possible. Bicyclol plus lifestyle intervention was effective for chronic hepatitis B combined fatty liver patients with poor biochemical responses.

Antiviral Agents ; Fatty Liver ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEIn Guangxi province, from 1970s to 1990s, the mortality of primary liver cancer (PLC) ranked the first among a variety of malignant tumors. Investigating the epidemiological characteristics of PLC is very important for developing reasonable and effective treatment strategy, allocating health resources rationally, and evaluating the quality of PLC prevention and control. This study was to analyze the mortality and epidemiological characteristics of PLC in Guangxi province between 2004 and 2005.

METHODSMulti stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 9 counties (cities or urban areas) as sample points. The residents' death causes between 2004 and 2005 were analyzed, and the epidemiological characteristics of PLC were investigated.

RESULTSIn the period of 2004-2005, the crude mortality of PLC was 34.39/100,000 in Guangxi province population (55.30/100,000 in men and 13.21/100,000 in women). The national population standardized mortality in 1964 was 22.17/100,000. The man to woman ratio of mortality was 4.19:1. PLC ranked as the first death cause among a variety of malignant tumors, and PLC related death accounted for 30.70% of all tumor related death cases. Age specific mortality of PLC was increased with age, rising significantly from 30 year old (from 25 year old in men and from 40 year old in women), and reached a peak at 75 year old.

CONCLUSIONSThe mortality of PLC shows a decreasing trend in Guangxi province in the early 21st century, and the starting age of PLC death peak postpones about 10 years than that in 1990s. It shows that the comprehensive prevention and control measures of PLC implemented in Guangxi province are fruitful. However, the PLC mortality in Guangxi province is still significantly higher than the national average level, and it still ranks as the first death cause in a variety of malignant tumors in Guangxi province. PLC mainly occurs in middle aged and elderly people. The prevention and treatment research of PLC still has a long way to go.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Liver Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; trends ; Sex Distribution ; Young Adult

This study was aimed to establish the technique of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (I-FISH) used on smear of bone marrow directly, and to develop a new method for detection of the molecular cytogenetics in multiple myeloma (MM). After a series of treatment, fixation and digestion of the bone marrow smear as the carrier, the chromosome 8 centromere probe were used in I-FISH for molecular cytogenetics detection. At the same time, differences were compared in the results between the new method and the conventional I-FISH. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference of proportion of various signals in non-hematologic malignancies when detected with the two methods (p>0.05). In bone marrow smear I-FISH, 8 out of 19 cases (42.1%) had abnormality of chromosome 8, including 5 cases with -8 (26.3%) and 3 cases with +8 (15.8%). It is concluded that the I-FISH on smear of bone marrow is characterized by convenience, economy and accuracy. Therefore, it can be used for research of molecular cytogenetics in MM.
Adult ; Aged ; Bone Marrow ; pathology ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma ; genetics ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of pre-acupuncture and immediate acupuncture on kidney function and oxygen free radical metabolism in rats with simulated weightlessness.

METHODSTwenty male clean-grade Wister rats were randomly divided into a normal control group, a model group, a pre-acupuncture group and an immediate acupuncture group, 5 rats in each one. The rats in the normal control group did not receive any treatment but free activities for 4 weeks. The rats in the rest groups received 4-week tail suspension to establish the model of simulated weightlessness. One week before the tail suspension, the rats in the pre-acupuncture group were treated with electroacupuncture at "Shenshu" (BL 23), "Pishu" (BL 20) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) for 30 min per treatment, once a day for 7 days. The rats in the immediate acupuncture group received tail suspension and acupuncture at the same time; during the tail suspension, the electroacupuncture was applied at "Shenshu" (BL 23), "Pishu" (BL 20) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) for 30 min per treatment, once every other day for 14 days. The colorimetric method was used to measure the content of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum as well as activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and content of malonaldehyde (MDA) in renal tissue in each group.

RESULTSCompared with the normal control group, the content of BUN in the model group was increased significantly (P<0.01), the activity of SOD and GSH-PX in nephridial tissue was significantly reduced (both P<0.01), and the content of MDA was increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the content of BUN in the pre-acupuncture group and immediate acupuncture group was significantly reduced (P<0.01, P<0.05), the activity of GSH-PX in the pre-acupuncture group was obviously increased (P<0.05) and the content of MDA in the immediate acupuncture group was increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the immediate acupuncture group, the content of MDA in the pre-acupuncture group was lower (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe pre-acupuncture and immediate acupuncture both have the capacity to improve the kidney function and anti-oxygen free radical injury in rats with simulated weightlessness, however, the capacity to increase the protection ability of the kidney and eliminate free radical in the pre-acupuncture group is superior to that in the immediate acupuncture group, which is likely to be related with improving antioxidant ability of kidney.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Humans ; Kidney ; metabolism ; Kidney Diseases ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Space Flight ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Weightlessness ; adverse effects

A fluorescence enhancement probe (ZY8) for the detection of N2H4was designed and synthesized by employing 3-hydroxyflavone as a fluorophore,and its spectral properties had been investigated. The results showed that ZY8 had relatively good selectivity and specificity to N2H4in Tris-HCl-ethanol solution (9:1, V/V, pH 7.40). The fluorescent intensity of ZY8 exhibited good linear relationship with concentration of N2H4in the concentration range of 1.6×10-7mol/L-6.2×10-5mol/L,and its detection limit was estimated to be 1. 6×10-7mol/L. ZY8 itself had weak fluorescence, upon addition of N2H4, an approximate 9-fold fluorescence enhancement was observed, and the color of the solution changed from light grayish green to bright grass-green at UV light of 365 nm. So ZY8 might be used to the visual recognition of N2H4. ZY8 could detect N2H4in near-physiological pH range, and it had fast response and strong anti-interference ability. Moreover,ZY8 could be loaded as test paper for naked-eye detection of N2H4at mmol/L level in water solution,and it was also applied in the determination of N2H4in various water samples by the standard addition recovery experiments, with the recovery ratio ranged from 96.0% to 104.2% %, and RSD of all< 4%. The results of this study demonstrated that ZY8 had potential application to the detection of N2H4in the monitoring of environmental pollution.