BACKGROUND: Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors are family of molecules that regulate the cell cycle. The CDKN2, a CDK4 inhibitor, also called p16, has been implicated in human tumorigenesis. The CDKN2 inhibits the cyclin/CDK complexes which regulate the transition from G1 to S phase of cell cycle. There is a previous report that homozygous deletion of CDKN2 region on chromosome 9p21 was detected frequently in astrocytoma, glioma and osteosarcoma, less frequently in lung cancer, leukemia and ovarian cancer, but not detected in colon cancer and neuroblastoma. However, little is known about the relationship between CDKN2 and laryngeal cancer. Therefore this study was initiated to investigate the role of CDKN2 in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 5 human laryngeal carcinoma cell lines whether they have deletions or losses of CDKN2 gene expression by DNA-PCR or RT-PCR, respectively. We examined 8 fresh frozen human laryngeal cancer tissues to detect the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of CDKN2. PCR was performed by using microsatellite markers of short arm of human chromosome 9 (D9S126, D9S144, D9S156, D9S161, D9S162, D9S166, D9S171, D9S200 and D9SIFNA). For informative cases, allelic loss was scored if the signal of one allele was significantly decreased in tumor DNA when compared to the same allele in normal DNA. RESULTS: The CDKN2 DNA deletion was observed in 3 cell lines. The CDKN2 mRNA expression was observed in only one cell line, which was very weak. LOH was detected in 7 cases (87.5%). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that CDKN2 plays a role in the carcinogenesis of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
Alleles ; Arm ; Astrocytoma ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cell Cycle* ; Cell Line* ; Chromosomes, Human ; Colonic Neoplasms ; DNA ; Genes, p16* ; Glioma ; Head* ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; Leukemia ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Lung Neoplasms ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Neck* ; Neuroblastoma ; Osteosarcoma ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Phosphotransferases ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; S Phase

PURPOSE: To investigate the frequency of underlying diseases associated with respiratory distress in full-term infants, as well as its relation to the mode of delivery and clinical outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 4,264 infants who had been admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Chonnam University Hospital (CUH) over 5 years from January 2000 to December 2004. Full-term infants with respiratory distress such as transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), congenital pneumonia, meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) and pneumothorax were included. We analysed the incidence of underlying disease, its relation to the mode of delivery, rate of mechanical ventilator therapy, prevalence of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), mortality and the length of hospitalization of surviving patients. RESULTS: Of the 4,264 patients who admitted to the NICU of CUH over the last five years, preterm infants made up 2,278 (53.4%) and full-term infants made up 1,982 (46.5%). The number of full-term patients who admitted due to respiratory distress associated with respiratory system problems excluding a congenital anomaly was 246 (12.4%). The most common underlying disease was TTN (n=161, 65.4%), and the next was RDS (n=39, 15.9 %), congenital pneumonia (n=11, 4.5%), MAS (n=7.9, 8.5%), and pneumothorax (n=14, 5.7 %). RDS was more statistically common in full-term infants born by Caesarian section (P<0.05). But there was no difference according to the mode of delivery statistically in other respiratory tract diseases. The rate of mechanical ventilator therapy was significantly higher in RDS and MAS, and the prevalence of HIE was higher in MAS (P<0.05). Mortalities of RDS and MAS were 7.7% and 9.5% each. There was no significant difference in the length of hospitalization of surviving patients. CONCLUSION: TTN was the most common respiratory tract disease in the full-term infant, and RDS was more common in the infant who was born by Cesarean section. The rates of mechanical ventilator therapy and mortality were significantly higher in the infants with RDS and MAS, and HIE was exclusively manifested by infants with MAS.
Cesarean Section ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; Incidence ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Jeollanam-do ; Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ; Mortality ; Pneumonia ; Pneumothorax ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Respiratory System* ; Respiratory Tract Diseases* ; Retrospective Studies ; Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn ; Ventilators, Mechanical

Today, lumbar disc surgery has been considerable refined from that performed by Mixter and Barr less than 50 years ago, but there is still room for improvement. The addition of the microsurgical technique may be the most recent means to refine the process of lumbar discectomy. Magnetified vision and brillant illumination have allowed neurosurgeons to refine many standard operations and to devise new ones for hitherto inaccessible areas. Small incisions, meticulous hemostasis, and precise removal of diseased tissue are the contributions of microsurgery to an ideal operation. 37 cases of microsurgical discectomy weer compared to the same number of standard operations. The total patient profiles were the same with other studies. The results demonstrated a 72.9% marked improvement in the standard discectomy category and a 83.9% marked improvement in the microsurgical discectomy group. Also, the mean time until their return to work was 7.3 wks in the microsurgical discectomy group, while 10.8 wks in the standard operation group.
Diskectomy ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Lighting ; Microsurgery ; Return to Work

A benign pleomorphic adenoma is the most common tumor of the salivary glands. This tumor has the potential to metastasize to bone, the head and neck region, visceral organs and skin. Although there a few reports about a benign pleomorphic adenoma metastasizing to the maxillary sinus in the paranasal sinuses, there are no reports about a metastatic benign pleomorphic adenoma in the sphenoid sinus. We report here on a case of a benign pleomorphic adenoma of the soft palate that metastasized to the sphenoid sinus, and we briefly review the relevant clinical literature.
Adenoma, Pleomorphic ; Head ; Maxillary Sinus ; Neck ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Palate, Soft ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Salivary Glands ; Skin ; Sphenoid Sinus

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the changes in the IL-1beta and the IL-6 concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after initial successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), to examine the difference in the IL-1beta and the IL-6 concentrations in CSF between the cerebral performance category (CPC) 1-2 group and CPC 3-5 group after successful CPR, and to identify early makers predicting the outcome after successful CPR. METHODS: We studied prospectively 10 patients with spontaneous circulation after CPR. Samples of CSF were taken at 20 min, 4 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr after restoration of spontaneous circulation. The control group was consisted of the nonspecific 6 patients in brain computed tomography and CSF finding among the visited patients in emergency department with complaints of headache. The CSF IL-1beta and IL-6 were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: 1) The concentrations of CSF IL-6 for CPC 3-5 were higher in the successful CPR group than in the control group. 2) In the severely neurologically disabled group (CPC 3-5), the concentrations of CSF IL-6 were significantly higher at 20 min 4 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr after successful CPR than they were in the mildly neurologically disabled group(CPC 1-2). 3) The concentrations of CSF IL-6 in the severely neurologically disabled group (CPC 3-5) reached peak levels at 24 hours after successful CPR. 4) The concentrations of CSF IL-1beta did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that CSF IL-6 is increased more in the severely neurologically disabled group (CPC 3-5) than it is in the mildly neurologically disabled group (CPC 1-2) after successful CPR. We found a significant relationship between the concentration of CSF IL-6 and initial outcome for the CPR patient. Thus, we suggest that CSF IL-6 might play a role in brain ischemic-reperfusion injury and might be used as a prognostic marker after successful CPR.
Brain ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Headache ; Heart Arrest* ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain* ; Interleukin-1beta ; Interleukin-6 ; Prospective Studies

Defect or perforation of the nasal septum may arise from diverse causes such as trauma, infection, drug abuse, inhalant irritants and neoplasia. The septal defect or perforation is usually located at the anterior half of the nasal septum regardless of etiologic factors. However, posterior nasal septal defect is infrequent. Moreover, congenital vomer defect is very rare. Recently, we have experienced three cases of congenital vomer defect of the nasal septum detected during nasal endoscopy. We report these cases with review of literature.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Endoscopy ; Irritants ; Nasal Septum ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Vomer

The authors report a case of false aneurysm of the superficial temporal artery which manifested after operation for FCCD. An aneurysm of the superficial temporal artery is a rare disease. In collected literature, the incidence of superficial temporal artery aneurysms ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 percent of all aneurysms for which surgery was performed. False aneurysm should be suspected when a mass, which may or may not be pulsatile, appears in the scalp region after recent trauma. Troublesome(but not life-threatening) bleeding may occur if the lesion is unrecognized, and an attempt is made to "shell it out" as though it were an epidermal inclusion cyst.
Aneurysm ; Aneurysm, False* ; Hemorrhage ; Incidence ; Rare Diseases ; Scalp ; Temporal Arteries*

OBJECTIVES: Delphinidin is one of the anthocyanidins. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory property including antioxidant, antiangiogenic, and anti-cancer properties. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of delphinidin in mucin-producing human airway epithelial cells has not been determined. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to investigate the effect and the brief signaling pathway of delphinidin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MUC8 and MUC5B expression in human airway epithelial cells. METHODS: In mucin-producing human NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells and primary cultures of normal nasal epithelial cells, the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, enzyme immunoassay were used for investigating the expressions of MUC8, MUC5, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), after LPS treatment and delphinidin treatment. And the signaling pathway of delphinidin on LPS-induced MUC8 and MUC5B expression was investigated using the RT-PCR, and immunoblot analysis. To confirm the involvement of TLR4 in LPS-induced MUC8 and MU5B expression, the cells were transfected with TLR4 siRNA. RESULTS: In NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells, LPS (100 ng/mL) significantly induced TLR4, MUC8, and MUC5B expression. TLR4 siRNA significantly blocked LPS-induced MUC8 and MUC5B mRNA expression. LPS (100 ng/mL) significantly activated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Delphinidin (50 and 100 microM) inhibited LPS-induced TLR4, MUC8, and MUC5B expression and LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. In the primary cultures of normal nasal epithelial cells, delphinidin (50 and 100 microM) significantly inhibited LPS-induced TLR4, MUC8, and MUC5B gene expression. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that delphinidin attenuates LPS-induced MUC8 and MUC5B expression through the TLR4-mediated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells. These findings indicated that delphinidin may be a therapeutic agent for control of inflammatory airway diseases.
Anthocyanins ; Epithelial Cells* ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Lipopolysaccharides ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases* ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases ; Protein Kinases ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; Toll-Like Receptors*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The frontal recess (FR) cells, including the frontal cell (FC), agger nasi cell (ANC), supraorbital ethmoid cell (SOC) and inter-frontal sinus septal cell (IFSSC), can interfere with the drainage system of the frontal sinus. We evaluated the relationship between the FR cells and the frontal sinusitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All paranasal sinus CT scans performed from July 2004 through June 2005 were reviewed. Of the 675 scans reviewed, 317 patients (634 sides) were selected for data collection. Exclusion criteria included a clinical history of neoplasms, bony deformities, and extensive disease responsible for obscuring the bony anatomy. Similarly, CT scans with severe artifacts were also excluded. RESULT: FCs were present in 21.9% of the patients. According to the Bent's classification, the prevalence of each FC type was as follows; type 1 FC (13.6%), type 2 FC (3.2%), type 3 FC (1.9%) and type 4 FC (3.1%). Of the four types of FR cells, type 4 had a significant association with frontal sinusitis. The incidence of hyperpneumatized frontal sinus, ANC, SOC, IFSSC were significantly higher among patients with the FC than those without the FC (p<0.05). Patients without the ANC or with type 1 uncinate process, according to Stammberger's classification, displayed a higher frequency of frontal sinusitis (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of frontal sinusitis among patients with hypopneumatized frontal sinus (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In our series, the frontal sinusitis was influenced by each types of FC, attachment sites of uncinate process and the degree of frontal sinus pneumatization. Therefore, these anatomic variations in the frontal recess should be appropriately addressed during the surgical management of the frontal sinusitis.
Artifacts ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Data Collection ; Drainage ; Frontal Sinus ; Frontal Sinusitis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Prevalence

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Macrolide is a relatively effective drug in chronic bronchiolitis and chronic sinusitis with mucous hypersecretion. However, the anti-secretory effect of macrolide is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of macrolide on the interleukin -1beta (IL-1beta)-induced MUC2/5AC genes expression and mucin secretion. Matrials and Methods: We observed effects of roxithromycin and clarithromycin on the IL-1beta-induced MUC2/5AC genes expression and mucin secretion in cultured human airway NCI-H292 epithelial cells. The steady state mRNA levels of MUC2/5AC and mucin secretion were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Roxithromycin attenuated the IL-1beta-mediated MUC2/5AC genes expression and mucin secretion. When roxithromycin treated before exposure to IL-1beta and after exposure to IL-1beta in cultured cells, both treatment methods inhibited the IL-1beta-induced MUC2/5AC genes expression and mucin secretion. However, clarithromycin did not suppress the IL-1beta-mediated MUC2/5AC genes expression and mucin secretion. CONCLUSION: This result suggests that roxithromycin inhibits the IL-1beta-mediated mucin secretion through inhibition of MUC2/5AC genes expression.
Bronchiolitis ; Cells, Cultured ; Clarithromycin ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans* ; Interleukins ; Macrolides* ; Mucins* ; RNA, Messenger ; Roxithromycin ; Sinusitis