Objective To study the effect of Sinisan on the ultra structure of hippo-campus to the intervention in rats with post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD).Methods SD rats were divided equally into 5 groups,each group had ten rats:blank control group,model group,negative control group,positive control group and experimental group.The blank control group did not copy the model,the normal feeding.Model group,repetitive post-traumatic stress disorder model was induced by current stimulation,but not treated.Negative control group,equal volume of 0.9％ NaC1.Positive control group (paroxetine hydrochloride 0.42 mg · mL-1) and experimentalgroup (Sinisan,containing crude drug 0.24 g · mL-1).It given to drugs 1 h before the model establishment.The rats were administered with 10 mL · kg-1,once a day,for a total of 7 d.In each group,rats was cardiac perfusion and the hippo-campus tissue was collected.The changes of ultra structure of CA1 and CA3 area in hippo-campus with rats were observed by transmission electron microscope.Results In the blank control group,the CA1 and CA3 neurons in the hippocampus were rich in cytoplasmic organelles,and the mitochondria were round or long,the structure of the mitochondrial cristae was clear,the rough endoplasmic reticulum was like a cord like distribution,and the ribosome was abundant.Compared with the blank control group,the organelle of CA1 and CA3 area in hippo-campus of the model group were significantly damaged,the cytoplasm was open,the mitochondria were swollen,the mitochondrial membrane and cristae disappeared,and the rough endoplasmic reticulum was dilated.The results showed that the damage of the organelles in the hippocampal neurons of rats was induced by the electric shock.The model group was similar to the negative control group,which indicated that there was no significant effect on the stress of rats after intragastric administration.The intracellular organelles in the CA1 and CA3 neurons in the hippocampus of the positive control group and the experimental group were significantly recovered,and the changes in the two groups were similar.These results suggest that both paroxetine hydrochloride and Sinisan can significantly improve the structure of CA1 and CA3 neurons in the hippocampus of PTSD rats.Conclusion Snisan as traditional Chinese medicine compound can significantly improve the hippocampus of rats with PTSD CA1 and CA3 neurons.

Objective To study on intervene function of Sinisan with the ultra structure of hippo-campus in rats with sleep disorder induced by post traumatic stress disorder.Methods Fifty SD rats were divided equally into five groups:blank control group,model group,negative control group,positive control group and experimental group.The control blank group did not copy the model,do not receive drugs,the normal feeding.Model group,repetitive post-traumatic stress disorder model was induced by current stimulation,but not receive drugs.Negative control group,equal volume of 0.9％ NaCl.Positive control group (paroxetine hydrochloride 0.42 mg ·mL-1) and experimental group (Sinisan,containing crude drug 0.24 g · mL-1).It given to drugs 1 h before the model establishment.The rats were administered with 10 mL · kg-1,once a day,for a total of 7 d.The changes of ultra structure of CA1 and CA3 area in hippo-campus with rats were observed by transmission electronmicroscope.Results In the blank control group,the hippocampal neurons were clearly defined,and the synaptic space was obvious in the CA1 and CA3 area.Compared with the blank control group,in the model group,the synaptic structure of hippocampal neurons was significantly changed,the synaptic vesicles were reduced and the synaptic structure was not clear in the CA1 and CA3 area.Compared with the model group,the negative control group was same too,which indicated that there was no significant stress effect on the rats after intragastric administration of saline.Compared with the negative control group,positive control group and experimental group hippocampal neurons synapse structure was restored,and the two groups were similar in the CA1 and CA3 area.Conclusion Transmission electronmicroscope was used to study the ultra structure of CA1 and CA3 in rats hippo-campus with characteristic difference.

Objective To study the effects of sleep latency to the intervention of Sinisan in rats with post-traumatic stress and sleep disorder (PTSD).Methods Fifty SD rats were divided equally into 5 groups:sham operation group,model group,negative control group group,positive control group and experimental group.PTSD model was made by claustrophobia,but not in sham operation group.The model group was not given the drug,the negative control group was given equal volume 0.9％ NaC1,and the positive control group was given paroxetine hydrochloride 0.42 mg · mL-1.The experimental group was perfused with the decoction of Sinisan (containing 0.24 g · mL-1) 10 mL · kg-1.The drug was administered 1 h before the stress model was administered once a day for a total of 7 d.After intervention on the 7th day,nonrapid eye movements sleep (NREMS) and eye movements sleep (REMS) were detected.Results The REMS and NREMS of sham operation group and model group were respectively (8.66 ± 3.04),(23.27 t 10.15) min;(65.90 ± 25.08),(109.36 ± 43.43) min,the differences between groups were statistically significant(all P ＜ 0.01);the result suggest that difficulty in falling asleep appears in rats after modeling.The REMS and NREMS of the positive control group and the experimental group were respectively (8.17 ±2.29),(6.83 ±2.84) min;(162.29 ±46.19),(195.24 ±67.96) min.Comparison between the drugs groups and model group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜0.05,P ＜0.01).These Results suggested that both paroxetine hydrochloride and Sinisan can significantly promote the sleep of rats.Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicine compound Sinisan can obviously promote the rats with sleep disorder caused by PTSD.

Objective To study the influence of Sinisan on hippocampal CA1 and CA3 neuron spatiotemporal characteristics in rats with post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD).Methods SD rats were divided into five groups:normal group,blank group,model group,control group,experimental group.Except for normal group and blank group,the rats in other groups were stimulated by the current stimulation plus dark claustrophobic method to replicate the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) model.The blank group and model group were given 0.9％ NaCl 10 mL · kg-1 at 1 h before making the model.The control group and experimental group was given paroxetine hydrochloride 0.42 mg · mL-1 and Sinisan(containing crude drug 0.24 g · mL-1) by intragastric administration,respectively.The model replicated 7 d,and each electric shock was 30 min every morning and afternoon.The neural coding on amplitude in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 were detected by the M-NEMEA after administration,and the spectral density spectrum was obtained from Neuro explorer neural data analysis software.Results The power spectral densities of CA1 and CA3 in hippocampus of rats were determined,they were (-109.08 ± 15.41) and (-108.46 ± 13.16)dB in normal group,(-110.17 ± 14.30)and (-109.54 ± 14.16)dB in blank group,and the differences were not statistically significant (all P ＞ 0.05).Compared with the blank group,the power spectral densities of hippocampus in the model group decreased significantly,which were (-117.39 ± 14.97),(-122.51 ± 16.42) dB,and the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the power spectral densities of the experimental group in hippocampus were significantly higher (P＜0.01),which were (-110.83 ±11.40),(-110.36 ±10.87)dB.Conclusion The Sinisanhas significant positive effect on hippocampal neuron signal intensity.

Objective To study the function mechanism of the Sinisan on hippocampal neuron discharge amplitude in rats with post-traumatic stress disorder and sleep disorder.Methods Fifty SD rats were divided into blank group,model group,negative control group,positive control group and experimental group.The blank group did not copy the model,did not receive treatment,the normal feeding.The repetitive post-traumatic stress disorder model was induced by current stimulation in model group,but not treated.Negative control group was given equal volume of 0.9％ NaC1.Positive control group was given paroxetine hydrochloride 0.42 mg · mL-1 and experimental group was given Sinisan,containing crude drug 0.24 g · mL-1.The rats were administered with 10 mL · kg-1,once a day,for 7 d.Theneural coding on amplitude in hippocampal CA1/CA3 were detected by M-NEMEA after the treatment.Results The amplitude of the wave amplitude in model group were 63.73 ± 5.80,63.24 ± 6.29,significantly lower than those of negative control group,which were 90.95 ± 5.94,91.16 ± 8.18 (P ＜ 0.01).And the wave amplitude in positive control group were 87.12 ± 8.14,87.21 ± 7.94,and were 91.63 ± 7.30,91.39 ± 7.64 in experimental group,had significant difference with those in model group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The Sinisan have significant positive effect on hippocampal neuron discharge amplitude.

OBJECTIVETo probe into the optimal frequency of electroacupuncture for the access to the best anesthesia.

METHODSSixty cases of optional thyroid surgery were randomly divided into group A, group B and group C, 20 cases in each group. In group A, 2 Hz/100 Hz disperse-dense wave was selected in stimulation. In group B, 2 Hz/15 Hz disperse-dense wave was selected. Group C was the control group without electric stimulation applied. Hegu (LI 4) and Neiguan (PC 6) were stimulated bilaterally. Cervical plexus block was produced after 15 min acupuncture. The concentration changes in plasma cortisone (COR) and beta-endorphin (beta-EP) were compared among 4 time-points, named before anesthesia (T1), before skin incision after induction (T2), thyroid traction in surgery (T3) and the end of surgery (T4).

RESULTSGroup B achieved the highest significant rate of analgesia (50.0%, 10/20) and that in group C was the lowest (10.0%, 2/20). COR content was the highest at T2 in group A and that was the lowest at T3 in group B. At the end of surgery, COR content was up the maximum in 3 groups, but still COR content was the lowest in group B in comparison. The plasma beta-EP content decreased apparently at T3 and T4 in group B as compared with the value before (both P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONIn electroacupuncture-assisted anesthesia, 2 Hz/15 Hz disperse-dense wave achieves the optimal anesthesia compared with 2 Hz/100 Hz disperse-dense wave, and moreover inhibits stress reaction induced by anesthesia surgery.

Acupuncture Analgesia ; Adult ; Electroacupuncture ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Thyroid Diseases ; blood ; surgery ; Thyroid Gland ; surgery ; Young Adult ; beta-Endorphin ; blood

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the patterns of antipsychotic use in China and to analyze the factors that influence antipsychotic prescriptions. METHODS: A standardized survey was conducted from May 20 to 24 2002 in five different regions of China with varying economic levels. The patterns of antipsychotic medication use were analyzed in a sample of 4,779 patients with schizophrenia. The survey gathered information on demographic characteristics, clinical profiles, and antipsychotic medications prescribed. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze factors related to patterns of antipsychotic medication use. RESULTS: A plurality of patients with schizophrenia was treated with clozapine (39%); this was followed by risperidone, sulpride, chlorpromazine, perphenazine, and haloperidol. More than 56.3% of patients were treated with only one atypical antipsychotic. The mean daily dose of chlorpromazine was 365+/-253 mg (mean+/-standard deviation), and 6.5% of patients were treated with depot injections of typical antipsychotic medications. A total of 73.7% (n=3,523) of patients with schizophrenia received monotherapy, 24.8% (n=1,183) received two antipsychotics, 1.1% (n=52) received three antipsychotics, and one received four different antipsychotics. Patients often simultaneously received other classes of medications including anticholinergic agents, benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers. Economic status and clinical symptoms were the main factors that contributed to the patterns of antipsychotic prescription. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that atypical antipsychotic medications, especially clozapine, are the primary psychiatric treatments of choice in the management of schizophrenia in China. Moreover, the economic status and clinical profile of the patient are the major factors affecting the prescription of antipsychotic medication.
Antidepressive Agents ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Benzodiazepines ; China ; Chlorpromazine ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; Clozapine ; Haloperidol ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Perphenazine ; Prescriptions ; Risperidone ; Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: Clozapine is one of the most commonly used antipsychotic drugs in China. To date, few studies have investigated the patterns the prescription of clozapine nationwide. The present study examined these patterns in China in 2006 and identified the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with the use of clozapine. METHODS: Using a standardized protocol and data collection procedure, we surveyed 5,898 patients with schizophrenia in 10 provinces with differing levels of economic development. RESULTS: Overall, clozapine had been prescribed for 31.9% (n=1,883) of the patients; however we found considerable variation among the 10 provinces. The frequency of clozapine use was highest in Sichuan (39.3%) and lowest in Beijing (17.3%). The mean daily dose of clozapine was 210.36+/-128.72 mg/day, and 25.1% of the patients were treated with clozapine in combination with other antipsychotics. Compared with the group not receiving clozapine, clozapine-user had been treated for longer durations and had experienced a greater number of relapses and hospitalizations. Furthermore, those in the clozapine-user had lower family incomes, were less able to seek psychiatric services, and more likely to be male and have a positive family history of schizophrenia. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age, sex, professional help-seeking behaviors, duration of illness, economic status, educational level, and clinical manifestations were associated with the use of clozapine. CONCLUSION: Clozapine use is common in China. However, use of the antipsychotic varies among provinces, and demographic and clinical factors play important roles in the prescription of clozapine.
Antipsychotic Agents ; China ; Clozapine ; Data Collection ; Educational Status ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Prescriptions ; Recurrence ; Sampling Studies ; Schizophrenia

Objective To evaluate the effect of an 8％ arginine-CaCO3 containing desensitizing polishing paste on bonding strength of two self-etching adhesives to dentin.Methods Thirty-six intact human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were collected within 1 month after extraction and randomly assigned into three groups using a table of random numbers (n =12): specimens without any treatment served as control.In the polishing powder group specimens were polished with a slurry of pumice,and in the desensitizing polishing paste group dentin surfaces of the sample teeth were treated with 8％ arginine-CaCO3 containing desensitizing polishing paste.Then each group was divided into two sub-groups using a table of random numbers in order to evaluate the bonding strength of two self-etching adhesive agents (G-Bond,GC; Fl-Bond Ⅱ,Shofu).Microtensile bond strength test was conducted immediately and after 5000 thermocycling (n =15).Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the occluding effect of the desensitizing polishing paste.Results In the prethermocycling stage,there were no significant differences in Fl-Bond Ⅱ bonding strength among the three groups [control: (30.34 ± 5.42) MPa,polishing powder group: (29.72 ± 5.16) MPa,desensitizing polishing paste group: (31.53 ± 4.86) MPa] (P ＞ 0.05).However there were significant differences among the three groups in G-Bond bonding strength [control: (38.19 ±4.42) MPa,polishing powder group: (36.47 ± 4.72) MPa,desensitizing polishing paste group: (46.88 ±7.83) MPa] (P ＜0.05).After thermocycling precess,there were no significant differences in bonding strenght among the three groups in both G-Bond groups and Fl-Bond Ⅱ groups.SEM observation showed that the desensitizing polishing paste could occlude open dentinal tubules effectively,and the application of self-etching adhesives could re-open the dentinal tubular orifices.An even layer can be seen on the dentin surface treated with self-etching adhesive containing functional monomers.Conclusions The 8％ arginine-CaCO3 containing desensitizing polishing paste could effectively occlude dentinal tubules,thus may have potential benefits in preventing post-operative sensitivity.Additionally,it had no adverse effect on bonding strength of self-etching adhesives to dentin.

BACKGROUNDOptimizing treatment outcomes for depression requires understanding of how evidence-based treatments are utilized in clinical practice. Antipsychotic medications concurrent with antidepressant treatment are frequently used in major depression, but few studies have investigated trends and patterns of their use over time. This study aimed to examine the prescription patterns of antipsychotic medications for major depression in China from 2002 to 2012 and their association with treatment satisfaction and quality of life (QOL).

METHODSA total of 3655 subjects with major depression treated in 45 Chinese psychiatric hospitals/centers nationwide were interviewed between 2002 and 2012. Patients' socio-demographic and clinical characteristics including psychopathology, medication side effects, satisfaction with treatment and QOL were recorded using a standardized protocol and data collection.

RESULTSThe frequency of antipsychotic use was 24.9% in the whole sample; the corresponding figures were 17.1%, 20.3%, and 32.8% in 2002, 2006, and 2012, respectively (χ2 = 90.3, df = 2, P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that patients on concurrent antipsychotics had significantly more delusions or hallucinations, longer illness duration, greater side effects, and more likely to be treated as inpatients and in major hospitals (i.e., Level-III hospital). Antipsychotic use was associated with lower treatment satisfaction while there was no significant difference with respect to physical and mental QOL between the antipsychotic and nonantipsychotic groups.

CONCLUSIONSConcurrent antipsychotic use was found in about one in four treated depressed patients in China, which has increased over a 10-year period. Considering the association of drug-induced side effects and the lack of patients' and relatives' satisfaction with antipsychotic treatment, further examination of the rationale and appropriateness of the use of antipsychotics in depression is needed.

Adult ; Antipsychotic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Personal Satisfaction ; Psychotropic Drugs ; therapeutic use ; Quality of Life