Thirty nine strains and 109 strains of Shigella sonnei were isolated from the outbreaks of Youngchun and Kyungju, respectively, while 15 strains were isolated from sporadic cases of eight regions in Kyungbuk province from September to November in 1998. We investigated the relationship among the S. sonnei strains by using biochemical characteristics, biotyping, antibiotic resistance pattern, and plasmid profile. Among the isolates, seven strains of S. sonnei isolated in Youngchun showed gelatin hydrolyase positive but the others showed gelatin hydrolyase negative. One hundred and fifty two strains were a type, while eleven among thirty nine strains isolated in Youngchun were g type. Antibiotics resistance patterns of S. sonnei strains isolated in Youngchun and Kyungju were significantly different. Thirty nine strains of S. sonnei isolated in Youngchun were resistant to SM, TE, and TMP/SMX, while eighty six of S. sonnei among one hundred and nine strains isolated in Kyungju were resistant to AM, CB, K, SM, TE, and TMP/SMX. Antibiotics resistance patterns of residual twenty three isolates were similar to those of eighty six strains. The Plasmid profiles of strains of S. sonnei isolated from the Kyungju were different from those of S. sonnei strains isolated in Youngchun. The Plasmid profiles of S. sonnei strains isolated from Youngchun were identical to those of a S. sonnei strains randomly selected from the outbreak in Daegu in 1998. The Plasmid profiles of S. sonnei strains isolated from Kyungju were identical to those of two strains of S. sonnei randomly selected from the outbreaks of Kanglung and Wonju in 1998. From the above results, it is considered that the strains of S. sonnei isolated from Kyungju and Youngchun region are not identical clone.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Clone Cells ; Daegu ; Disease Outbreaks ; Drug Resistance, Microbial* ; Gangwon-do ; Gelatin ; Gyeongsangbuk-do* ; Plasmids* ; Shigella sonnei* ; Shigella*

Arotinolol, a new alpha and beta receptor antagonist, was administered in 27 essential hypertensive patients for 8 weeks in order to evaluate the antihypertensive effect and side effects. The dose were 10mg to 15mg given twice a day. The results are as follows : 1) Before medication, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in sitting, supine and erect position were 173.1+/-3.2/105.8+/-1.8, 171.1+/-3.6/86.7+/-2.0 and 169.3+/-2.6/97.2+/-2.1mmHg. 2) After 8 weeks treatment moderated to marked antihypertensive effect was observed in 74.0%(in systolic blood pressure) and 81.4%(in diastolic blood pressure) respectively in sitting position. 3) There was a significant reduction of pulse rate from 73.0+/-2.5 beats per minute on the beginning of the treatment to 63.4+/-5.2 beats per minute after 8 weeks of medication. 4) There was no significant change in hematocrit, WBC, serum lipid, GOT, GPT, BUN and creatinine. But fasting blood sugar was reduced from 95.3mg% to 81.5mg% with treatment. 5) The side effects of arotinolol were gastrointestinal symptoms(15%), fatigue(11%), dizziness(7%) and insomnia(3%). But these side effects were not severe enough to discontinue medication. In summary, arotinolol seemed to be an effective antihypertensive drug in treating mild to moderate hypertension without significant side effects.
Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Creatinine ; Fasting ; Heart Rate ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Hypertension

Background: Free tissue transfer is the preferred method of reconstructing head and neck defects, with a success rate of approximately 95%. Although flap failure is uncommon, it has a major impact on patient morbidity and diminishes quality of life, making it is important to investigate the causes of flap failure. Methods: This retrospective chart review analyzed patients who underwent free tissue transfer during head and neck reconstruction at a single institution between 2016 and 2021. Results: During the study period, 58 patients underwent 60 free flap procedures. Revision surgery was needed in 14 patients. Subsequent free flap surgery was performed in one patient, and three free flaps (5%) could not be salvaged. Cardiovascular disease was significantly associated with flap failure, and venous congestion (thrombosis) was the most common reason for revision surgery. Conclusion Cardiovascular disease clearly emerged as a factor related to the failure of free flap surgery, and this issue warrants particular attention in patients for whom free tissue transfer is planned.

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of an abdominal aortic aneurysm model for stent-graft placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The model consists of two parts, the heart and the vascular system. A peristaltic pump and a solenoid valve were used to simulate a pulsatile flow from the heart. A ball-shaped piece of clay was placed inside a square box and liquid silicone was poured. After the silicone was formed, the clay was removed and a silicone tube was used to connect the heart model and the aneurysm model. The silicone tube was also used to simulate the iliac arteries and one end of the artery was clamped and the other one was extended to a water bath. Water at 37 degrees was circulated through the model, and the pressure at the thoracic aorta, aneurysm and iliac artery was measured with the outlet valve opening at 25, 50, and 100% before and after stent-graft placement. RESULTS: The liquid pressure measurements were 253/252, 271/162 and 264/166 mmHg at the thoracic aorta, aneurysm and iliac artery, respectively, when the outlet was 100% open. They were 173/121, 145/99, 145/106 mmHg when the outlet was 50% open, and 35/28, 61/44, 24/22 mmHg when it was 25% open. After placement f the stent-graft, the pressure measurements were 170/132, 174/128, and 167/128 mmHg, respectively. CONCLUSION: Since it was easy to produce, the model was useful for in-vitro stent-graft testing, and a wide range of pressure could be applied.
Aneurysm ; Aorta, Thoracic ; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal* ; Arteries ; Baths ; Heart ; Iliac Artery ; Models, Anatomic ; Pulsatile Flow ; Silicones ; Water

OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS) is widely used to diagnose upper gastrointestinal tract disease. In recent, it is reported that EUS is also goood diagnostic method to assess depth of invasion through rectal wall and lymph node involvement of rectal cancer. We performed EUS in preoperative rectal cancer patients and compared to post operative histologic findings to evaluate EUS diagnostic accuracy for rectal cancer staging system METHODS: 51 patients with rectal cancer were performed with EUS. They were diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy from August 1994 to June 1996 at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital. Their ages were 28 to 78 (mean: 55 years) and the male to female ratio was 2 : 1 (34/17). Olympus GF-UM3, EU-M3 EUS and 7.5/12 MHz transducer were utilized. EUS was performed by the deaerated water filling method. We have analyzed between preoperative EUS findings and postoperative biopsy findings in order to evaluate the accuracy of EUS. The accuracy of EUS was signified by percentage. RESULTS: 1) Endoscopic ultrasonographic accuracy for assessment of wall invasion of rectal cancer was as follows ; The accuracy of mucosal cancer was 50% (patient numbers of EUS diagnosis/patient numbers of histologic diagnosis: 2/4). Submucosal cancer was 100% (1/1). Muscularis propria cancer was 44% (4/9). The accuracy with penetration to subserosa (or perirectal fat tissue) was 97% (33/34). The accuracy with invasion to adjacent organ was 33% (1/3). The overall accuracy rate was 80% (41/51). 2) EUS accuracy of lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer was ; The sensitivity was 90% (patient numbers of EUS diagnosis/patient numbers of histologic diagnosis: 28/31). The specificity was 60% (12/20). 3) EUS diagnosis of modified Duke classification was ; The accuracy of A stage was 80% (patient numbers of EUS diagnosis/patient numbers of histologic dagnosis: 4/5). B1 stage was 60% (4/8). B2 stage was 33% (1/3). C1 stage was 0% (0/3). C2 stage was 86%(25/28). D stage was 33% (1/3). The overall accuracy rate was 69% (35/51). CONCLUSION: EUS is useful method to assess rectal cancer invasion through rectal wall and lymph node involvement. However, further refinements in instruments and the techniques is required for more improving diagnostic accuracy.
Biopsy ; Classification ; Diagnosis* ; Endosonography* ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes* ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Rectal Neoplasms* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Transducers ; Upper Gastrointestinal Tract ; Water

Anisakiasis is a disease of the alimentary tract caused by nematode larva belonging to the subfamily Anisakinae. It is possible for Anisakis larva to be transmitted to man through eating raw sea fish that is preferred by Korean people. The clinical symptoms are characterized by severe cramping abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tarry stool, and epigastric fullness. The endoscopic examination has played a important role in the diagnosis of anisakiasis. However, gastric anisakiasis is undetected due to unspecific symptom and delayed endoscopy. Endoscopic ultrasonography is probably the choice of investigative tool for the evaluation of submucosal mass. However distinctive feature of parasitic infectation presenting an submucosal tumor has not been reported. Recently, we experienced two cases of gastric anisakiasis. We found gastric submucosal tumors by endoscopy, differentiated them by endoscopic ultrasonography and treated by endoscopic submucosal resection.
Abdominal Pain ; Anisakiasis ; Anisakis ; Diagnosis ; Diarrhea ; Eating ; Endoscopy ; Endosonography ; Eosinophilic Granuloma* ; Eosinophils* ; Larva ; Muscle Cramp ; Nausea ; Stomach* ; Vomiting

Primary malignant lymphoma of the breast is rare. The incidence of primary malignant lymphomas of the breast is 0.04% to 0.5% of all malignant tumors of the breast and 0.07% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and comprises 1.7% of extranodal malignant lymphomas that occur in Western countries. The incidence of mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the breast is reported to be between 0% and 75% of all primary malignant breast lymphomas in United States and Japan, but the incidence in Korea is unknown. MALT is characterized by indolent behavior and good has a prognosis. The authors report on a patient who has a primary MALT lymphoma of the breast. She was treated by surgical excision, which was followed by radiation therapy. Histologically, her lymphoma type transformed into a diffuse large B-cell tumor after 10months. She received combination chemotherapy and achieved a complete state of remission. She then underwent autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation along with high dose chemotherapy. To our knowledge, this is the first case report in the literature in Korea.
B-Lymphocytes ; Breast* ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Humans ; Incidence ; Japan ; Korea ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone* ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation ; Prognosis ; United States

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural characteristics of the thread length of orthodontic mini-screws and the effects of insertion and removal torques according to the formation of the cutting flute. Two types of mini-screws were made, with a thread length of 6.0 mm and a thread length of 3.3 mm. In order to examine the effect of flute formation, the experiment group was divided into a miniscrew test group with flute formation and an experiment group without flute formation. To evaluate the effect of flute formation, two flutes were formed at 180°on the circumference, and at the tip of the mini screw, up to 4 mm for thread length of 6.0 mm and 2.4 mm for thread length of 3.3 mm. A biomechanical test block formed of 2 mm cortical bone and 10 mm cancellous bone was used to eliminate the influence of the difference in cortical bone thickness and bone density according to the insertion site. 1 mm diameter guide hole was drilled on the test block and the mini-screw was placed vertically. Using a 0.1 N·cm precision digital torque gauge, the maximum torque value was recorded at this time by embedding it to the top of the screw under a static load of 1.2 kg and the value when it was removed in the opposite direction. The insertion torque values for the 6.0 mm and 3.3 mm length mini screws were (29.53±1.84) N·cm and (26.84±2.15) N·cm, and the removal torque values are (14.50±1.37) N·cm and (13.15±2.89) N·cm, respectively.There were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). The flute of 6.0 mm mini-screws had no statistically significant difference in both insertion and removal torque values and increased to (30.13±1.97) N·cm and (18.65±1.10) N·cm (P>0.05). In experiments with 3.3 mm mini-screws, the insertion and removal torque values decreased to (20.99±3.94) N·cm and (11.32±2.03) N·cm, respectively, showing a statistically significant decrease only in the insertion torque values (P<0.05). The insertion and removal torque values of the mini-screw were not significantly increased even when the screw length was doubled, and the flute formation effect was different with the screw length.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural characteristics of the thread length of orthodontic mini-screws and the effects of insertion and removal torques according to the formation of the cutting flute. Two types of mini-screws were made, with a thread length of 6.0 mm and a thread length of 3.3 mm. In order to examine the effect of flute formation, the experiment group was divided into a miniscrew test group with flute formation and an experiment group without flute formation. To evaluate the effect of flute formation, two flutes were formed at 180°on the circumference, and at the tip of the mini screw, up to 4 mm for thread length of 6.0 mm and 2.4 mm for thread length of 3.3 mm. A biomechanical test block formed of 2 mm cortical bone and 10 mm cancellous bone was used to eliminate the influence of the difference in cortical bone thickness and bone density according to the insertion site. 1 mm diameter guide hole was drilled on the test block and the mini-screw was placed vertically. Using a 0.1 N·cm precision digital torque gauge, the maximum torque value was recorded at this time by embedding it to the top of the screw under a static load of 1.2 kg and the value when it was removed in the opposite direction. The insertion torque values for the 6.0 mm and 3.3 mm length mini screws were (29.53±1.84) N·cm and (26.84±2.15) N·cm, and the removal torque values are (14.50±1.37) N·cm and (13.15±2.89) N·cm, respectively.There were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). The flute of 6.0 mm mini-screws had no statistically significant difference in both insertion and removal torque values and increased to (30.13±1.97) N·cm and (18.65±1.10) N·cm (P>0.05). In experiments with 3.3 mm mini-screws, the insertion and removal torque values decreased to (20.99±3.94) N·cm and (11.32±2.03) N·cm, respectively, showing a statistically significant decrease only in the insertion torque values (P<0.05). The insertion and removal torque values of the mini-screw were not significantly increased even when the screw length was doubled, and the flute formation effect was different with the screw length.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between mechanography and clinical parameters in older people at 3 and 6 months after hip fracture surgery.METHODS: A longitudinal follow-up study was conducted in university hospitals with 38 patients at 3 months and 29 patients at 6 months after hip fracture surgery. Subjects 65 years and older completed measurements on the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Ambulation Category (FAC), walking ability by Koval, Korean version of the fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illnesses, and loss of weight (K-FRAIL) scale, and hand grip strength. The Romberg test with center of foot pressure (COP), chair rise test (CRT), and maximal power (W/kg) were conducted using the Leonardo Mechanograph.RESULTS: COP area and pathway length were correlated with BBS at 3 and 6 months. Change in BBS was correlated with change in COP area, but not with change in COP length. COP area and pathway length were correlated with K-FRAIL at 3 months after hip fracture surgery. The same COP variables showed correlations with FAC and walking ability by Koval at 6 months after surgery. Maximal power during CRT had correlation with chair rise time but not with other clinical parameters.CONCLUSION: The study revealed correlations between mechanography and clinical parameters in older people at 3 and 6 months after hip fracture surgery. Both the clinical assessment and objective test with mechanography may be required for the quantitative and sensitive measurement of postural balance and lower limb muscle power.
Dependent Ambulation ; Fatigue ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Hand ; Hand Strength ; Hip Fractures ; Hip ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Muscle Strength ; Postural Balance ; Walking