OBJECTIVES: Environmental, social and personal factors influence eating patterns. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between unhealthy food outlets within a residential area and obesity using nationally representative Korean survey data and data from the Census on Establishments. METHODS: Data on the food intakes and socioeconomic variables of a total of 9,978 adults aged ≥ 19 years were obtained from the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Geographic locations of restaurants were obtained from the 2013 Census on Establishments in Korea. Administrative area was categorized into tertiles of count of unhealthy food outlets based on the distribution of number of unhealthy food outlets among all urban (Dong) and rural (Eup or Myun) administrative districts in Korea. Multilevel logistic regressions model were used to assess the association between the number of unhealthy food outlets and obesity. RESULTS: People living in the district with the highest count of unhealthy food outlets had higher intakes of fat (45.8 vs. 44.4 g/day), sodium (4,142.6 vs. 3,949.8 mg/day), and vitamin A (753.7 vs. 631.6 µgRE/day) compared to those living in the district with the lowest count of unhealthy food outlets. A higher count of unhealthy food outlets was positively associated with frequent consumption of instant noodles, pizza, hamburgers and sandwiches, sweets and sour pork or pork cutlets, fried chicken, snacks, and cookies. Higher exposure to unhealthy food outlets was associated with increased odds of obesity (1st vs. 3rd tertile; OR 1.689; 95% CI 1.098-2.599). CONCLUSIONS: A high count of unhealthy food outlets within a residential area is positively associated with the prevalence of obesity in Korea. The results suggest that food environmental factors affects the health outcomes and interventions aiming to restrict the availability of unhealthy food outlets in local neighborhoods may be a useful obesity prevention strategy.
Adult ; Censuses* ; Chickens ; Eating ; Geographic Locations ; Humans ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Obesity* ; Prevalence ; Red Meat ; Residence Characteristics ; Restaurants ; Snacks ; Sodium ; Vitamin A

No abstract available.
Echocardiography, Transesophageal* ; Mitral Valve*

PURPOSE: Drug-induced non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema has been reported on in a drug case series. For most of the agents that cause pulmonary edema, the pathogenic mechanisms that are responsible for the pulmonary edema remain unknown. We report here on the cases of suspected drug-induced pulmonary edema and we analyze the clinical characteristics. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 1,345 patients who had drug adverse effects and drug poisoning from January 2005 to July 2010, and 480 of these patients were admitted to the EM Department. Among them, 17 patients developed abnormal chest radiological findings and they were analyzed for any clinical characteristics, the initial symptoms, securing the airway and the clinical results. RESULTS: Seventeen patients out of 480 (3.54%) developed drug-induced abnormal chest radiographic pulmonary edema; they displayed initial symptoms that included mental change (41.2%), dyspnea (17.6%), vomiting (11.8%), etc, and some displayed no symptoms at all (11.8%). Only 3 patients out of the 11 who died or had severe pulmonary edema were able to obtain an advanced airway prior to their arrival to the EM Department. Clinical recovery was generally rapid and this was mostly completed within 6 hours. The mortality rate was 11.8% (2 of 17 patients), and the causative drugs were found to be propofol (35.3%, 6 of 17 patients), multiple drugs (41.2% or 7 out of 17) and one patient each with ephedrine, ethylene glycol, doxylamine and an unknown drug, respectively. CONCLUSION: Drug-induced pulmonary edema and deaths are not uncommon, and recovery is typically rapid with few long-term sequelae when drug administration is discontinued. Oxygen therapy and securing the airway must be performed during transportation for patients with pulmonary edema.
Doxylamine ; Dyspnea ; Ephedrine ; Ethylene Glycol ; Ethylenes ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Oxygen ; Propofol ; Pulmonary Edema ; Thorax ; Transportation ; Vomiting

A20 murine lymphoma cells undergoing Fas-mediated apoptosis showed increase in the activity of phospholipase D (PLD), which is involved in proliferative or mitogenic cellular responses. Using A20 cell lines that were resistant to Fas-induced apoptosis, we investigated the differential effects of Fas cross-linking on PLD activity and sphingolipid metabolism. The basal PLD activities in all of the selected three Fas-resistant clones (#5, #8, and #11) were about 2~4 folds higher than that of wild type A20 cells. Among the PLD isoforms, PLD2 expression was increased in all of the selected Fas-resistant clones. The Fas downstream signaling events triggered by Fas cross-linking, including the activations of PLD, phosphatidy-lcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), sphingomyelinase (SMase), the increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) and protein phosphorylation levels, and the translocation of protein kinase C to membrane were not changed in both of Fas-resistant clone #5 and #8. In contrast, Fas cross-linking stimulated the activity of PLD, PC-PLC, and SMase, translocation of PKC, and protein phosphorylation in Fas-resistant clone #11, similar to that of wild type cells. We also found that clone #11 had a different Fas sequence encoding Fas B which has been known to inhibit Fas-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that increased PLD2 expression resulting in increased basal PLD activity and the blockade of Fas downstream signaling cascades may be involved to limit apoptosis induced by Fas cross-linking.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/pharmacology ; Antigens, CD95/immunology/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Clone Cells ; Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology ; Diglycerides/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Lipids/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phospholipase D/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainge is a useful method of palliative treatment of malignant biliary obstruction with respect to safety, rapidity in decompression of obstruction. However, despite of efforts to prolong patency of the stents, the main long term complication of current-widely used plastic endoprosthesis is to tendency for the stents to become clogged by sludge leading to recurrent jaundice and cholangitis, finally, obstruction of stents. Recently, in an effort to improve the patency of stent, variety of self-expandable metallic endoprosthesis have developed and which can be compressed into and inserted through small lumen catheter with large-bored lumen in expandable state. However, most of these open mesh of self-expandable stents allows tumor in growth which causes reobstruction, and additionally it is nearly impossible to retrieve the inserted prosthesis. Recently developed coil metal stent(Endocoil, Intent Co.), which, unlikely other previous metallic stent, has possibility of retrieving prosthesis and prevention of tumor ingrowth. We experienced a case of 52-year old male sufferd from malignant biliary obstruction due to recurrence of cancer at peripancreatic lymph nodes and combined with common bile duct stones on both proximal and distal side of the stricture, in whom Endocoil was implanted with sucessful decompression of obstruction and simultaneous removal of biliary stones located at both side of stricture.
Catheters ; Cholangitis ; Common Bile Duct ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Decompression ; Humans ; Jaundice ; Jaundice, Obstructive* ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Palliative Care ; Plastics ; Prostheses and Implants ; Recurrence ; Sewage ; Stents*

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to detect the levels of M30-antigens as a biomarker of apoptosis in cells and their culture media after treatments with anticancer drugs as a preclinical study. METHODS: After HeLa and OVCAR-3 cells were treated respectively with paclitaxel, cisplatin, and camptothecin, the harvested cells were stained sequentially with M30 monoclonal antibodies and propidium iodide (PI). Afterwards, they were analyzed using a FACScan flow cytometer and observed under an immunofluorescence microscope for M30-FITC immunofluorescences. Levels of M30 antigens were also detected in their culture media using M30-Apoptosense ELISA kit. RESULTS: The levels of M30-FITC immunofluorescences were elevated in both cell lines after each drug treatments compared with those of control cells. The levels of M30 antigens detected by ELISA in media culturing each cell line treated with each of drugs were elevated compared with those of control cells. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that M30-antigens representing chemotherapy induced apoptosis may be a useful biomarker for predicting and monitoring the response of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with gynecologic cancers.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antineoplastic Agents ; Apoptosis ; Camptothecin ; Cell Line ; Cisplatin ; Culture Media ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Flow Cytometry ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Paclitaxel ; Propidium

Aortic dissection is a medical emergency requiring prompt diagnosis and maybe emergency surgery especially if the ascending aorta is involved. We have performed transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) in 22 consecutive patients with suspected aortic dissection. The diagnosis was subsequently proven in 14 patients(9 males, 2 females, mean age 51+/-11years) on the basis of TEE. The results and effectiveness were compared with computed tomography (CT) and aortography. Seven patients had type I aortic dissection, three had type II and four had type III. Twelve patients had hypertension. There was aortic regurgitation in five of seven patients with type I dissection and in all three patients with type II dissection. Type I dissection was found by TEE in seven patients who had intimal flap showing parallel movement to the aortic wall. CT was positive in only three of five of these patients. Type II dissection was seen in three patients by TEE. CT demonstrated dissection in one of three of these patients. In one patient the false lumen was filled with a thrombus, which was negative at angiography. Type III dissection was found by TEE in four patients. CT was positive in two of four patients. Aortography was performed and positive in one patient. The starting point of aortic dissection could be demonstrated in all four patients by TEE. TEE was well tolerated by patients with aortic dissection and associated with no major complications. In conclusion. TEE was very useful in detecting aortic dissection and in providing a dynamic information of the intimal flap and of the presence and extent of luminal thrombus with flow dynamics.
Angiography ; Aorta ; Aortic Valve Insufficiency ; Aortography ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal* ; Emergencies ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Male ; Phenobarbital ; Thrombosis

No abstract available.
Erythropoietin* ; Humans* ; Renal Dialysis*

OBJECTIVE: To compare the plantar peak pressure of diabetic patients without neuropathic and ischemic symptoms to normal subject wearing diabetic shoes and to compare the plantar peak pressures of P.W. minor (B) shoes to Apex (A) shoes. METHOD: Thirty three normal subjects and fourteen diabetic patients were participated. Plantar peak pressures in shoes were measured by pedar(r)during a comfortable gait wearing two types of diabetic shoes, respectively. A shoes and B shoes were used in this study. Plantar pressure was analyzed by pedar C-expert program at T0 (whole foot), M1 (heel), M2 (midfoot), M3 (1st, 2nd metatarsal area), M4 (3rd, 4th, 5th metatarsal area), M5 (great toe), M6 (2nd, 3rd toe area) and M7 (4th, 5th toe area) zones respectively. RESULTS: Plantar peak pressures of diabetic patients without neuropathic and ischemic symptom were not different from normal subjects. In normal subjects, plantar peak pressure of B shoes were lower than A shoes at both T0, M3 and M5 zones and left M6 and M7 zones. Plantar peak pressures of A shoes was lower than B shoes at both M2 zones. In diabetic patients plantar peak pressures of B shoes was lower than A shoes at right M4 and left M5 zones. CONCLUSION: There was no sgnificant difference between plantar peak pressures of normal subjects and diabetic patients without neuproathic and ischemic symptom. B shoes were better than A shoes to reduce plantar peak pressure.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Gait ; Humans ; Metatarsal Bones ; Shoes* ; Toes

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with mild to severe stages of motor symptoms and to compare cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction between drug-naïve and dopaminergic drug-treated groups. METHODS: This study included 188 PD patients and 25 age-matched healthy controls who underwent head-up tilt-testing, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring and 24-h Holter monitoring. Autonomic function test results were evaluated among groups categorized by motor symptom severities (mild vs. moderate vs. severe) and treatment (drug-naïve or dopaminergic drug treatment). RESULTS: Orthostatic hypotension and supine hypertension were more frequent in patients with PD than in healthy controls. The frequencies of orthostatic hypotension, supine hypertension, nocturnal hypertension and non-dipping were not different among groups. Additionally, no significant differences were detected in supine BP, orthostatic BP change, nighttime BP, nocturnal BP dipping, or heart rate variabilities among groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is not confined to moderate to severe PD patients, and starts early in the course of the disease in a high proportion of PD patients. In addition, dopaminergic drug treatments do not affect cardiovascular autonomic function.
Blood Pressure ; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypotension, Orthostatic ; Parkinson Disease*