512 ?g/ml for vancomycin.Thirty seven VanA genes were detected in 37 VREFm.The drug resistance rates to erythromycin,ampicillin,levofloxacin,gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,nitrofurantoin(Euradantin) and chloramphenicol were 100.0%,100.0%,89.2%,86.5%,91.9%,59.5%,and 5.4%,respectively.The REP-PCR generated 3-14 bands between 100 and 2000bp.They were divided into six types.CONCLUSIONS There is 100.0% agreement between phenotypes and genotypes in VREFm.VREFm are multiresistant.REP-PCR method is simple,rapid,and with lower cost to detect the homology in enterococci.

Objective: To study the origin, morphological structure, and functional regulation of osteoclast(OC) for further investigation on the mechanism and regulation of bone resorption. Methods: The OCs were isolated by two kinds of traditional method. Osteoclasts were isoclated from neonatal rat long bones. The cytochemistry was observed. The osteoclast-like cells (OLC) were derived from the mouse bone marrow cells in the presence of 1,25(OH)2VitD3 in vitro. Results: Both morphological and functional studies showed that the isolated cells shared some of the typical characteristics of osteoclasts, that is A. multinuclearity; B. developing spreading and pseudopodial activity when cultured on glass; C. high tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP); D. resorption lacunae could be found when the cells were cocultured with devitalized bone slices and the number was increased as the time followed. OLC had the same histological and structural traits as the OCs by the former method. The concentration of Ca 2+ and acid phosphatase (ACP) increased gradually. Conclusion: Different kinds of method fit different experiments. The OC obtained by the first method has more activity of bone resorption. The OLC by the second method has more in quantity and can be used in the study of cell differentiation.

OBJECTIVE To detect ?-lactamase of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus in order to choose drugs for clinical treatment.METHODS According to CLSI's guideline,antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed:to detect ?-lactamase with nitrocefin,to detect blaZ by PCR and to detect mutation of pbp4 by single-strand conformation polymorphism(SSCP).RESULTS The resistant rates of E.faecium and E.faecalis to ampicillin,penicillin,high level gentamicin,high level streptomycin,levofloxacin,erythromycin,tetracycline,and chloramphenicol were 100%,100%;86%,76%;46%,44%;84%,74%;100%,94%;54%,58%;and 42%,36%;to rifampicin 62%,58%;and to vancomycin both 0%,respectively.The positive rate of ?-lactamase in 50 E.faecalis strains with paper disk method and test tube method was 8% and 26%;and that of blaZ by PCR was 88%.But in 50 E.faecium strains the results were 0% and 2%,respectively.There was no significant mutation by SSCP and sequencing in E.faecalis.CONCLUSIONS The positive rate to ?-lactamase in E.faecalis is markedly higher than in E.faecium.The method of PCR is better than that of nitrocefin.The positive rate of test tube method is higher than paper disk method with nitrocefin.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the competitive intelligence(CI) development strategies in Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises. METHODS: The CI in Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises was overviewed and the problems were analyzed. Then development strategies of CI were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSION:CI is one of the powerful competitive tools in pharmaceutical enterprises; development strategies of which should be further explored.

OBJECTIVE:To provide retrieval techniques for chemical and medical workers to mater the latest technology dynamic state.METHODS:The four basic retrieval methods of CA on CD(American Chemical Abstracts)were introduced,and of which,several classic logical combination retrieval techniques were exemplified in detail.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The retrieval of CA on CD is characterized by convenience,rapidity,flexibility,multiform logical combination.Medical information worker should skillfully use the combination retrieval techniques and unceasingly explore the exemplification of these retrieval techniques.

Objective To evaluate the influencing factors for postoperative odynophagia in elderly patients undergoing intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examination for cardiac surgery.Methods A total of 96 patients with intraoperative TEE examination for cardiac surgery was divided into two groups:the elderly group (patients aged ≥65 years,n=60) and the young group (patients aged ＜ 65 years,n =36).Clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Postoperative odynophagia was assessed by number rating scale (NRS) scores.Characteristics of postoperative odynophagia were compared between the two groups.Influencing factors for postoperative odynophagia were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression analysis.Results The incidence of postoperative odynophagia and the average NRS score were higher in the elderly group thanin the young group [88.3％ vs.66.7％,(2.6±1.7) vs.(1.4±0.9),P＜0.05 or 0.01].Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative oral lidocaine plasmagel,oropharyngeal mucosal injury and duration of TEE insertion were independent influencing factors for postoperative odynophagia (all P＜0.01).Conclusions The incidence of postoperative odynophagia is higher and the degree of odynophagia is more serious in elderly patients undergoing intraoperative TEE examination for cardiac surgery.Postoperative odynophagia can be relieved by applying the preoperative oral lidocaine plasmagel,reducing oropharyngeal mucosal injury and shortening the duration of TEE insertion.

OBJECTIVE:To observe therapeutic efficacy and safety of Albumin tannate and barm powder in the treatment of infantile acute diarrhea. METHODS:81 cases of infantile acute diarrhea were selected and randomly divided into treatment(41 cas-es)and control group(40 cases). Both groups received routine treatment;treatment group was additionally given Albumin tannate and barm powder orally;control group was additionally given Montmorillonite powder. Clinical efficacy,the taste of drugs and ADR were observed in 2 groups after treatment. RESULTS:There was no statistical significance in total effective rate(97.56%)of treatment group and that (100%) of control group (P>0.05). After treatment,defecation times and urine volume score of treat-ment group were higher than those of control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). The taste score of Albumin tannate and barm powder(2.93±0.35)in treatment group was significantly higher than(1.25±0.44)in control group,with statistical signifi-cance(P<0.05). No obvious ADR was found in 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS:Albumin tannate and barm powder and Montmorillon-ite powder have good clinical efficacy and safety in the treatment of infantile acute diarrhea. Albumin tannate and barm powder is better than Montmorillonite powder in improving children’s appetite and relieving abdominal pain. Albumin tannate and barm pow-der tastes better when taking,gain a better adherence in the children patients.

Objective To study the mechanism of adaptive immunity against Rhizopus arrihizus (R. arrihizus) infections. Methods Bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were separated from C57BL/6 mice and Card9-/- mice and then were cultured in vitro. Resting spores and swollen spores of R. arrihizus were in vitro co-cultured with BMDCs with or without Syk inhibition. Secretion of cytokines ( IL-23, IL-1βand IL-12) was analyzed by ELISA after 24 hours of culture. Na?ve T cells derived from C57BL/6 mice were in vitro co-cultured with spore-stimulated BMDCs for four days. Levels of IL-17A and IFN-γ in supernatants of cell culture were analyzed by ELISA. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze T cell differ-entiation. Confocal microscopy was used to observe the images of stained β-glucan on the surface of resting and swollen spores. Swollen spores were co-cultured with Dectin-1, Dectin-2, TLR2 and mannose receptor ( MMR) , and the binding results were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Swollen spores but resting spores could induce the maturation of BMDCs and promote the secretion of cytokines (IL-23, IL-1βand IL-12). Co-culturing T cells with swollen spore-stimulated BMDCs enhanced their differentiation to Th17 and Th1. In addition, swollen spores promoted the secretion of Th1-related cytokine ( IFN-γ) and Th17-related cytokine (IL-17A). Adding Syk inhibitor to Card9-/-BMDCs or wild type BMDCs significantly inhibited the secretion of cytokines and T cell differentiation, especially in the Card9-/- group. β-glucan was overserved on the surface of swollen spores, but not on resting spores. On the surface of swollen spores existed pathogen associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs) that could bind with Dectin-1 and TLR2. Conclusion Swollen spores of R. arrihizus could active BMDCs to secrete cytokines of IL-23, IL-1β and IL-12 and trigger T cell responses in vitro. The possible mechanism might be associated with β-glucan exposed on the surface of swollen spores that binds with Dectin-1. The responses between BMDCs and R. arrihizus are Syk-Card9-dependent.

OBJECTIVE To reinforce the administration in the management of reusable medical appliances,and to ensure the quality of sterile.METHODS Every step of the integral sterilization were monitored.RESULTS The quality of every link in the course and the end quality of the reusable medical appliances were assured.All the pass-rates of routine examination and sample examination of our hospital and CDC in Zhuhai were 100%.CONCLUSIONS The process of integral sterilization in the management of reusable medical appliances can ensure the quality of sterile materials,and can prevent the nosocomial infections and guarantee the safety of patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of edaranvone on lung injury induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups ( n = 6 each): group Ⅰ sham operation (group S); group Ⅱ myocardial I/R and group Ⅲ and Ⅳ different doses of edaravone ( group E1, E2 ). The animals were anesthetized, intubated and mechanically ventilated. In group Ⅱ-Ⅳ myocardial I/R was induced by occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery for 45 min followed by 3 h reperfusion. In group Ⅲ and Ⅳ edavarone 3 and 10 mg/kg was administered via right femoral vein at 1 min before reperfusion respectively. The animals were sacrificed by exsanguination at the end of 3 h reperfusion. Blood was collected for determination of serum CK-MB activity and total protein content. The left lung was lavaged and the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was colleted for determination of protein content. Pulmonary permeability index (PPI) was calculated. The lung tissue was obtained for determination of BD-2 mRNA and protein and TNF-α expression. Results The serum CK-MB activity, PPI,BD-2 mRNA and protein and TNF-α expression were significantly higher in group I/R, E1 and E2 than in group S,but significantly lower in group E1 and E2 than in group I/R and in group E2 than in group E1. Conclusion Edaravone can reduce myocardial I/R-induced lung injury by scavenging oxygen free radicals and inhibiting inflammatory response of lung tissues in rats.