A simple and rapid method was described for determining nitrogen content of a Kjeldahl digest by pulse polarography. The amount of sample needed was as small as 200mg. The digest was diluted and pipetted into a solution of formaldehyde in an acetate buffer. The hexamethylenetetramine produced by reaction between ammonia and formaldehyde was determined electrochemically at -0.9v.This method proved itself a better reproducibility. The recovery rate of nitrogen was 94.5% to 103.1%. Calibration curve of nitrogen in the range of 20 to 120 ?g/ml showed linear relation.Human milk and eleven different food-stuffs were analysed. There was no significant difference between the results by this method and Kjeldahl method.

Simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, tin, lead and copper was studied in 0.2-0.3M hydrochloric acid-methanol by 1.5 grade differential anodic stripping voltammetry. A stick silver base mercurial film electrode was used as a working electrode. The peak potential of Zn, Cd, Sn, Pb and Cu was distinctly separated each other being -1.05V, -0.74V -0.55V, -0.44V and -0.25V vs SCE, respectivly, in the above solvent electrolyte.Calibration curves of Cd, Sn, Pb and Cu in range of 20 to 600 ng/ml and Zn in range of 0.2 to 4 ug/ml showed linear relation. Canned foods could be analyzed, by dilution with the supporting electrolyte after digestion of the samples with mixed acid. The juice samples could be analyzed directly without digestion, by simple 5-2000 times dilution with the supporting electrolyte. Coefficient of variation and recovey was 6.7-8.0% and 91.2-107% respectively.

Objective To study the mechanism of adaptive immunity against Rhizopus arrihizus (R. arrihizus) infections. Methods Bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were separated from C57BL/6 mice and Card9-/- mice and then were cultured in vitro. Resting spores and swollen spores of R. arrihizus were in vitro co-cultured with BMDCs with or without Syk inhibition. Secretion of cytokines ( IL-23, IL-1βand IL-12) was analyzed by ELISA after 24 hours of culture. Na?ve T cells derived from C57BL/6 mice were in vitro co-cultured with spore-stimulated BMDCs for four days. Levels of IL-17A and IFN-γ in supernatants of cell culture were analyzed by ELISA. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze T cell differ-entiation. Confocal microscopy was used to observe the images of stained β-glucan on the surface of resting and swollen spores. Swollen spores were co-cultured with Dectin-1, Dectin-2, TLR2 and mannose receptor ( MMR) , and the binding results were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Swollen spores but resting spores could induce the maturation of BMDCs and promote the secretion of cytokines (IL-23, IL-1βand IL-12). Co-culturing T cells with swollen spore-stimulated BMDCs enhanced their differentiation to Th17 and Th1. In addition, swollen spores promoted the secretion of Th1-related cytokine ( IFN-γ) and Th17-related cytokine (IL-17A). Adding Syk inhibitor to Card9-/-BMDCs or wild type BMDCs significantly inhibited the secretion of cytokines and T cell differentiation, especially in the Card9-/- group. β-glucan was overserved on the surface of swollen spores, but not on resting spores. On the surface of swollen spores existed pathogen associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs) that could bind with Dectin-1 and TLR2. Conclusion Swollen spores of R. arrihizus could active BMDCs to secrete cytokines of IL-23, IL-1β and IL-12 and trigger T cell responses in vitro. The possible mechanism might be associated with β-glucan exposed on the surface of swollen spores that binds with Dectin-1. The responses between BMDCs and R. arrihizus are Syk-Card9-dependent.

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of irinotecan as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (INAC) plus radical surgery (RS) for cervical cancer.Methods According to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO),81 cases were divided into Ⅱ B,ⅡA,and Ⅰ B2 groups.According to the tests of UGT1A1 gene polymorphisms,we adjusted the injection dose of irinotecan.The parameters were analyzed,including the efficacy,operation time and bleeding volume,postoperative pathology,survival time,and adverse reactions.The articles on irinotecan or paclitaxel combined with cisplatin for neoadjuvant chemotherapy between 2005 and 2015 were collected,and compared.Results The effective rate of chemotherapy was 81.5％ (Ⅰ B2 group:85.7％;Ⅱ A group:83.3％;and ⅡB group:72.2％),operation time was (5.3 ± 1.1) h,and blood loss was (781 ± 361.7) ml.After chemotherapy,37 cases were delayed diarrhea,70 cases were nausea,48 cases were vomiting,and 40 cases were bone marrow suppression.The infiltration rate,operation time,and blood loss on Ⅱ B group was significantly higher than that on Ⅱ A and Ⅰ B2 groups(P ＜ 0.05),and there was no significant difference in the chemotherapy efficiency,invasion depth,lymphatic metastasis,survival time and adverse reactions(P ＞0.05).Compared to three articles,the total effective rate in this study was higher than that in previous studies,also in Ⅱ A and Ⅱ B group.Conclusions Irinotecan chemotherapy regimens combined with cisplatin is effective and well tolerated.It is worthy of popularization and application.Detection of UGT1A1 gene polymorphism has guiding significance for chemotherapy regimen on irinotecan combined with cisplatin.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate clinical efficacy and safety of vitamin D combined with azithromycin in the treatment of pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes and its effects on serum inflammation indexes.METHODS:A total of 68 patients with type 2 diabetes complicated with pneumonia selected from our hospital during May 2014-Sept.2015 were divided into control group and trial group according to random number table,with 34 cases in each group.Both groups received insulin intensive hypoglycemic therapy.Control group was given Azithromycin for injection 10 mg/kg+0.9％ Sodium chloride injection 100 mL,ivgtt,qd,for consecutive 5 d,and then used Azithromycin dry suspension instead 10 mg/kg,po,qd,consecutive 3 d treatment and 4 d interval as a treatment course,for 2 cycles.Trial group was additionally given Vitamin D drops 800 U,po,qd,for consecutive 4 weeks,on the basis of control group.The clinical efficacies of 2 groups were observed,and serum inflammation indexes [interleukin-6 (IL-6),C-reactive protein (CRP),immunoglobulin G protein (IgG)] levels were also observed before and after treatment.The occurrence of ADR was recorded.RESULTS:Total response rate of trial group (91.18％) was significantly higher than that of control group (70.59％),with statistical significance (P＜0.05).Before treatment,there was no statistical significance in serum inflammation indexes as IL-6,CRP,IgG between 2 group (P＞0.05).After treatment,IL-6 and CRP of 2 groups were decreased significantly,and the trial group was significantly lower than the control group;IgG of 2 groups were increased significantly,and the trial group was significantly higher than the control group,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).There was no statistical significance in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups (P＞0.05).CONCLUSIONS:Vitamin D combine with azithromycin in the treatment of pneumonia in patients with type 2 diabetes has a good clinical curative effect,helps to improve the levels of IL-6,CRP and IgG with good safety.

Host genetic, environmental and viral factors are classified as three categories that determine clinical outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The objective of this study was to detect the associations between polymorphisms rs346473 and rs346482 in Rho GTPase-activating protein 24 (ARHGAP24) gene and disease progression of HBV infection in Han Chinese population. These two SNPs were found by our DNA pooling using Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human Mapping SNP6.0 Array in HBV carriers, and verified by using TaqMan 7900HT Sequence Detection System with 758 progressed HBV carriers versus 300 asymptomatic HBV carriers (AsC) in a discovery phase and 971 progressed HBV carriers versus 328 AsC in a replication phase. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that individuals with genotype TT at variant rs346473 displayed remarkable correlations with disease progression of HBV infection both in the discovery phase (OR, 2.693; 95% CI, 1.928-3.760; P=6.2×10(-9); additive model) and the replication phase (OR, 1.490; 95% CI, 1.104-2.012; P=9.0×10(-3); additive model). These two SNPs were in strong linkage disequilibrium with D'=0.99 and r (2)=0.951, and haplotype TT disclosed an increased susceptibility to HBV progression (OR, 1.980; 95% CI, 1.538-2.545; P=8.1×10(-8)). These findings suggest that polymorphism rs346473 in the ARHGAP24 gene might be a part of the genetic variants underlying the susceptibility of HBV carriers to disease progression.

Objective:To observe the effect of observing good swallowing on the swallowing action of stroke survivors with dysphagia.Methods:Eighteen stroke survivors with dysphagia were randomly divided into a treatment group ( n=9) and a control group ( n=9). In addition to routine swallowing rehabilitation therapy, the treatment group was asked to simulate swallowing after watching a video of normal people′s swallowing action. They did so 5 times a week for 10 minutes, while the control group just watched landscape videos at the same time. The treatment lasted 8 weeks. Before and after the treatment, both groups were assessed using the eating assessment tool (EAT-10), the functional oral intake scale (FOIS) and the penetration and aspiration scale (PAS). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was also used to observe their swallowing action. Results:There was no significant difference between the two groups in any of the measurements before the treatment. After the 8 weeks of treatment the average EAT-10, FOIS and PAS scores of the treatment group were all significantly better than before the treatment and better than the control group′s averages at the time. fMRI showed significantly more areas activated in the precuneus, parietal lobe, posterior central gyrus, BA7, BA5, frontal lobe and paracentral lobule in the treatment group compared with before the intervention and also more than in the control group.Conclusions:Observing proper swallowing action can improve dysphagia and activation of the swallowing-related brain areas of stroke survivors.

Host genetic,environmental and viral factors are classified as three categories that determine clinical outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.The objective of this study was to detect the associations between polymorphisms rs346473 and rs346482 in Rho GTPase-activating protein 24 (ARHGAP24) gene and disease progression of HBV infection in Han Chinese population.These two SNPs were found by our DNA pooling using Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human Mapping SNP6.0 Array in HBV carriers,and verified by using TaqMan 7900HT Sequence Detection System with 758 progressed HBV carriers versus 300 asymptomatic HBV carriers (AsC) in a discovery phase and 971 progressed HBV carriers versus 328 AsC in a replication phase.Multivariable logistic regression revealed that individuals with genotype TT at variant rs346473 displayed remarkable correlations with disease progression of HBV infection both in the discovery phase (OR,2.693; 95％ CI,1.928-3.760; P=6.2× 10-9;additive model) and the replication phase (OR,1.490; 95％ CI,1.104-2.012; P=9.0× 10-3; additive model).These two SNPs were in strong linkage disequilibrium with D'=0.99 and r2=0.951,and haplotype TT disclosed an increased susceptibility to HBV progression (OR,1.980; 95％ CI,1.538-2.545;P=8.1× 10-8).These findings suggest that polymorphism rs346473 in the ARHGAP24 gene might be a part of the genetic variants underlying the susceptibility of HBV carriers to disease progression.

Objective: To establish comprehensive laboratory reference intervals for Chinese children. Methods: This was a cross-sectional multicenter study. From June 2013 to December 2014, eligible healthy children aged from 6-month to 17-year were enrolled from 20 medical centers with informed consent. They were assessed by physical examination, questionnaire survey and abdominal ultrasound for eligibility. Fasting blood samples were collected and delivered to central laboratory. Measurements of 15 clinical laboratory parameters were performed, including estradiol (E2), testosterone(T), luteinizing hormone(LH), follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), alanine transaminase(ALT), serum creatinine(Scr), cystatin C, immunoglobulin A(IgA), immunoglobulin G(IgG), immunoglobulin M(IgM), complement (C3, C4), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), uric acid(UA) and creatine kinase(CK). Reference intervals were established according to central 95% confidence intervals for reference population, stratified by age and sex. Results: In total, 2 259 children were enrolled. Finally, 1 648 children were eligible for this study, including 830 boys and 818 girls, at a mean age of 7.4 years. Age- and sex- specific reference intervals have been established for the parameters. Reference intervals of sex hormones increased gradually with age. Concentrations of ALT, cystatin C, ALP and CK were higher in children under 2 years old. Serum levels of sex hormones, creatinine, immunoglobin, CK, ALP and urea increased rapidly in adolescence, with significant sex difference. In addition, reference intervals were variable depending on assay methods. Concentrations of ALT detected by reagents with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate(PLP) were higher than those detected by reagents without PLP. Compared with enzymatic method, Jaffe assay always got higher results of serum creatinine, especially in children younger than 9 years old. Conclusion This study established age- and sex- specific reference intervals, for 15 clinical laboratory parameters based on defined healthy children.