Objective To explore the effects of clarithromycin on the expressions of histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) of cigarette smoke-exposed asthmatic mice.Methods BALB/c mice were chosen to be the subjects of this study.They were raised to establish asthma model (OVA group);and mice in one asthma group were exposed to smoke (SEA group), one asthma group were treated with clarithromycin (CAM group) after smoke exposure.Control group mice were used as parallel comparison.The histopathological changes were studied to assess lung tissue inflammation.Cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were also tested for airway inflammation.Histone deacelytase2 (HDAC2) activity of lung tissues was measured by qRT-PCR.HDAC2 and GR expressions in the lung tissue were detected by Western blot.Results Histopathologic observation showed massive infiltration of inflammatory cells in both OVA group and SEA group, while inflammation infiltration attenuated in CAM group.Compared with those in CAM group, the levels of IL-4 and IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of SEA group increased significantly (104.36±14.39 vs.65.49±10.82, 681.35±66.18 vs.321.49±90.37;P=0.031, 0.017).The expression of HDAC2 mRNA in CAM group was significantly higher than that in SEA group (0.062±0.013 vs.0.031±0.015, P=0.032).The expressions of HDAC2 protein (0.23±0.017 vs.0.49±0.022, P=0.033) and GR protein (0.19±0.014 vs.0.64±0.023, P=0.011) were significantly lower in SEA group than in CAM group.Conclusion Clarithromycin could attenuate airway inflammation in smoke-exposed asthmatic mice.The mechanism of action may be related to the expression of HDAC2 gene in the lower reaches by combining with GR.

Myopia has become a global public health concern with its increasing prevalence.It is the interaction result of genetic and environmental factors.Exploration of the changes of metabolites in myopia is helpful to know new clues about its pathogenic mechanism.Metabolomics focuses on the integral analysis of all small molecular metabolites (relative molecular mass <1 000) which form a biological system and it is used as an effective tool to discover potential biomarkers.Metabolomic analysis of the myopic population could discover the metabolic changes related to myopia and screen the markers with potential biological significance, which can be used in the early diagnosis and treatment of myopia.It has been found that metabolites related to oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the development of myopia.Abnormal energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism are associated with myopic fundus changes.In addition, classical myopia-associated metabolites such as retinoic acid, dopamine and vitamin D, other metabolites such as melatonin, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid, as well as multiple metabolic pathways such as fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial metabolism are all closely related to myopia.This article systematically reviewed metabolomics researches on myopia, providing clues for better prevention and control of myopia in the future.

ObjectiveThis paper used the AGREE Ⅱ guideline evaluation tool to evaluate the quality of 14 clinical guidelines for acute myocardial infarction，aiming to provide reference for the formulation and improvement of the guidelines. MethodsClinical guidelines and expert consensus related to acute myocardial infarction were searched by web search. The search period ranges from January 1，2019 to November 1，2024 in CNKI，VIP，Wanfang Data，SinoMed，Web of Science，OVID， the International Guidelines Collaboration Network （GIN），the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence （NICE），Yimaitong， and other platforms. Three researchers independently screened the literature and used AGREE Ⅱ to score the screening results. After ensuring that the researchers have a consistent understanding of each guideline，the quality of the guidelines was evaluated. After that，the ratings were analyzed by layer according to the issuing agency，category，method of formulation，and funding situation and compared longitudinally by rating time. The clinical guidelines and expert consensus were compared in terms of content and evidence. ResultsA total of 14 guidelines and consensus were included. The results of AGREE Ⅱ in the six areas in descending order were scope and purpose （62.82%±10.43%），rigor （62.40%±12.77%），editorial independence （62.11%±22.26%），participants （61.42%±11.65%），clarity of expression （59.98%±9.62%），and application （52.94%±16.90%） . Eleven of the guidelines were at level B， and three were at level A. In the stratified analysis，the score of the guideline formulated by the Chinese Medical Doctor Association was lower. There was little difference between the scores of Chinese/Western and Western medicine guidelines. The average score of the guidelines was higher than the consensus. Funded guidelines and consensus scores were higher. In the longitudinal comparison，the highest number of guidelines were developed in 2020 and 2021，while those developed in 2023 scored the highest. In the differential comparison analysis，the content of the guidelines was more comprehensive， and the evidence level was higher，while the content of the consensus was more novel， and the evidence was less. ConclusionThe AGREE Ⅱ score of the clinical guidelines for acute myocardial infarction is generally moderate，and there is room for improvement in terms of applicability. At the same time，the content quality of expert consensus should be improved，and more efforts should be made to develop and apply Chinese medicine guidelines for complications such as heart failure and microcirculatory obstruction after acute myocardial infarction.