Objective To investigate the clinical and pathogenic features and other related factors of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (HABSI) in geriatric wards,in order to provide the scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and therapy.Methods Clinical characteristics and other related factors of HABSI in patients admitted to the Department of Geriatrics of our hospital from June 2010 to October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Of the 64 elderly patients with HABSI,malignant tumor (39.1％) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (32.8％) were among the main disorders for their admission to the hospital.There were 53 cases of primary bloodstream infections and 11 cases of secondary bloodstream infections,accounting for 82.8％ and 17.2％,respectively.Primary infections involved mostly the respiratory,urinary and hepatobiliary systems.13 patients died,giving a fatality rate of 20.3％.Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the retention time of central venous catheters or implantable venous access ports was ≥ 7 days (OR =49.51) and the duration of proton pump inhibitor administration was ≥3 days (OR=13.63),and these were independent risk factors for HABSI in elderly patients.A total of 66 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected from the 64 patients.The most common G+ type was coagulase negative staphylococcus (18.2 ％) and the most common G-bacteria were Escherichia coli (18.2％) and Klebsiella pneumonia (15.2％),with the latter two making up 54.5％ of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains.Conclusions HABSI can seriously affect the prognosis of elderly patients.Reduction in invasive procedures,active prevention and treatment of tumors,improvement of the internal environment and protection of vital organ functions are the main measures to reduce the bloodstream infection rate in geriatric wards.

Objective To develop a new software system that cau directly display the predicted results on an electronic map,in order to get a directly perceived understanding of the affected areas of nuclear and radiological terrorism events in city areas.Methods Three scenarios of events including spreading radioactive materials, dirty bomb attack,and explosion or arson attacks on the radiation facilities were assumed.Gaussian diffusion model was employed to predict the spread and deposition of radioactive pollutants,and both the internal and external doses were estimated for the representative person by using the corresponding dose conversion factors.Through integration of the computing system and Mapinfo geographic information system(GIS),the predicted results were visually displayed on the electronic maps of a city.Results The new software system could visually display the predicted results on the electronic map of a city, and the predicted results were consistent with those calculated by the similar software Hotspot(R)The deviation between this system and Hotspot was less than 0.2 km for predicted isoplethic curves of dose rate downwind.Conclusions The newly developed software system is of the practical value in predicting the effects of nuclear and radiological terrorism events in city areas.

Objective To investigate the relationship between microalbuminuria (MAU) and insulin resistance syndrome. Methods A total of 240 patients(130 of them with hypertension) were stratified by oral glucose tolerance status 〔normal glucose tolerance(NGT), impaired glucose tolerance(IGT), and type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM)〕. Morning urine albumin concentration and anthropometric indices, serum lipid, fasting plasma true insulin concentrations were also measured. Results The prevalence of MAU ( defined as morning urine albumin concentration between 20 and 40 mg/L) was increased as the glucose tolerance worsed (8.8%in NGT, 13.7% in IGT, 28.6% in DM, ? 2 =9.313, P

Cis-3, 4-dichloro -a-chloro-cinnamoyl-sec.-butylamine (8601), a new compound of cinnamamides, has potent antagonistic effect on experimental epilepsy. 8601 is significantly more effective against MES in mice than Antiepilepsirine. It has also been found effective against convulsion induced by icv. injection of sodium glu-tamate and zinc sulfate.The mechanisms of anti-MES of 8601 is related to content of 5 HT in the whole brain of mice. Increased cerebral 5 HT with L-tyrosine potentiated the effect of anti-MES of 8601,while the opposite was obtained using reserpine or pCPA which decreased the concentration of cerebral 5 HT. The increase of cerebral 5 HT is correlated with the effect of anti-MES of 8601 with a correlation coefficient of 0.926 ( P

Objective To investigate the roles of somatostatin(SS)positive intemeurons in the development and compensation of temporal lobe epilepsy.Methods Piloearpine-induced epilepsy rat model was established.Immunohistochemistry method was used to detect number changes and axonal sprouting of SS positive intemeurons in different domains of the hippocampus at difierent time points.Degeneration of SS positive interneurons and their neurophils were detected by the double immunofluorescence staining with SS and Fluoro-Jade B(FJB)at 7 and 60 days after status epilepticus (SE).Results In the exoerimental rat group,the number of SS positive neurons decreased in each hippocampal domain,and it reached the lowest at 7 days post-SE(There were 11.1±3.3 in hilus,2.8±0.9 in CA1region and 1.8±0.7 in CA1region,t=13.519,9.644 and 8.808,all P<0.01).In chronic phase,the number of SS neurons gradually recovered,and exceeded the control group in CA1 area at 60 days post-SE(12.8±1.5 vs 8.8±1.3,t=-4.506,P<0.01),however,the number of SS neurons in the hilus(25.5±4.6)and CA1 area(4.8±0.8)remained significantly less than normal levels(t value were 4.691 and 3.953.both P<0.01).Increased SS positive fibers were found in the lacunosum-molecular (1m)layer and outer molecular layer of dentate gyrus after 30 days post-SE,and numerous SS positive fibers were seen threnghout the layers of area CA1 at 60 days post-SE.Double immunofluuorescence revealed that a few SS positive interneurons and fibers were also labeled by FJB in area CA1 at 7 days post-SE and in CA domain/hilus at 60 days post-SE.Conclusions SS intemeurons loss plays an important role in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy.The loss is partially caIlsed by the degeneration and death of neurons;SS positive neurophils increase within area CA1 in chronic phase may play a significant role in the generation and compensation of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Objective To investigate the expression of XIAP, Smac, HtrA2 and XAF1 in the hippocampus following SE in rats and to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of expression of XIAP and its negative regulators after SE. Methods The lithium-pilocapine model of status epilepticus was established in SD rat. XIAP, Smac, HtrA2, XAF1 and activated caspase-3 protein were examined using immunohistochemistry. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of XIAP, Smac, HtrA2 and activated easpase-3. Results XIAP immunoreactivity diffusely distributed within the neuron after SE. Compared with the control group, the expression of CA3 XIAP protein in the SE group was increased gradually since 2 hours (0.5503±0.0172 vs 0.1507±0.0165, t=115.87, P<0.01), peaking at 8 hours (0.6221±0.0238 vs 0.1507±0.0165, t=136.69, P<0.01). The expression of CA3 Smac, HtrA2, XAF1 and activated caspase-3 protein were increased generally following SE. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in Stoat, HtrA2, activated caspase-3 protein levels from 2 to 72 hours following SE, but no significant differences were seen in XIAP protein levels between the control group and the SE group. Conclusions The XIAP, Smac, HtrA2 and XAF1 are involved in the regulation of neuronal apoptosis and implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms of neuronal damage after SE.

Objective To compare the fluorescence intensity and duration of qdots streptavidin conjugate (QDs-SA) with Cy3 as the molecular probe of β amyloid precursor protein (APP), and to provide evidence for early molecular imaging and diagnosis of Alzheimer's dissease (AD). Methods With the help of laser scanning confocal microscope and flow cytometry, the flurescence probe based on the QDs-SA was used to detect APP in HEK293 cells stably transfected pcDNA3.1/APP, and to compare with conventional fluroimmunoassay Cy3. Results The immunofluorescence staining detection indicated APP expression was mainly located in the plasma membrane. The mean fluorescence intensity of QDs-SA (34.2336±4.2455) was greater than that of Cy3 (21.6023±3.0102)under the confocal fluorescence microscope (P<0.05). After persistent exciting for 12 min, the fluorescence intensity of APP stained by QDs-SA decreased by 27.87%. The other stained by Cy3 decreased by 79.60%. The positive rate of APP staining had no significant difference between the QDs-SA(54.4700±3.4433)% and Cy3 (54.3800±8.5229)% by flow cytometry, but the mean fluorescence intensity had statistical significance(P<0.05). The QDs-SA (1 045.4167±47.3623) was significantly higher than the mean fluorescence intensity of Cy3 (658.5467±55.0591). Conclusion QDs-SA fluorescence probes can effectively recognize APP and are sensitive and exceptionally photostable, suggesting that QDs-SA fluorescence probes could be a potential method in APP detection and offer a novel way for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Objective To investigate the preventive effects of curcumin for status epilepticus(SE) induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine.Methods Totally 45 Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: preventive group(n=15),non-preventive group(n=15),and control group(n=15).The latency peroid and incidence of SE were recorded.The surviving neurons were stained by using nissl staining,and the programme death cells were detected by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) in hippocampal CA3.Results The SE incidence of preventive group was 66.7%,which was significantly lower than that of non-preventive group(P0.05).Conclusion Pretreatment of curcumin can prevent the SE induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine and the pretreatment can not protect the neuron.

AIM: G protein-coupled inwardly rectifier potassium (GIRK) channel are distributed widely in mammalian brain. In CNS, GIRK 1/2 seems to be the predominant heterotetramers which play a pivot role in the regulation of the excitability of neurons and may contribute to the resting potential by leading to a hyperpolarization of membrane potential and reduction of the action potential frequency. In the context, the Weaver mouse is the first neurological abnormality directly linked to a genetic point mutation in the GIRK2 protein which includes spontaneous seizure. GIRK2 knock out mice showed normal development but more susceptible than normal mice to seizure induced by GABA antagonist. Here, we report that the mRNA and protein expression of GIRK subunit 2 is altered in kainic acid(KA)-induced epileptic rat hippocampus. METHODS: Rats were injected with kainate 14 mg/kg intraperitoneally to establish an acute and chronic temporal lobe epilepsy model. At chronic spontaneous seizure stage, by using of in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and Western blotting, the GIRK 1,2 mRNA and protein were analyzed quantitatively in the dentate gyreus, CA1, CA3 regions of hippocampus. RESULTS: GIRK1,2 mRNA and proteins were expressed abundantly in all regions of hippocampus. KA induced seizures and caused a significant increase in GIRK2 mRNA abundance and immunoreacitivity; only GIRK1 mRNA was increased significantly, but no difference was found by Western blotting protocol. CONCLUSION: GIRK1,2 mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus of epileptic rat brain is up-regulated, which may be an adaptive response to over-excitability of neuron networks and prevent the over-excitability spread in hippocampus (DG-CA3-CA1). [

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationships between erythrocyte membrane n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio and blood lipids and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).

METHODSThe observational study consisted of a population-based cross-sectional study of 456 Chinese and a subsequent 1-year follow-up study of 171 subjects with the fasting plasma total cholesterol of 5.13-8.00 mmol/L.

RESULTSIn the cross-sectional analysis, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) had a significant and negative association with the erythrocyte membrane n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio (P for trend=0.019) after adjusting for sex, age and total PUFA percentage. In the follow-up study, 171 subjects were categorized into quartiles by the changes of n-6:n-3 ratio in erythrocyte membrane (Δ=month 12-month 0). In the top quartile whose ratios of n-6:n-3 increased by an average of 1.25 during the follow-up, the LDL-c-lowering extent was 3.3 times of that in the lowest quartile whose ratios of n-6:n-3 decreased by an average of 1.13 (-1.07 mmol/L v.s. -0.32 mmol/L). The hsCRP decreased by 0.11 mg/dL in the lowest quartile while increasing by 0.10 mg/dL in the top quartile (P for difference=0.052).

CONCLUSIONOur results suggested that the balance between n-6 and n-3 fatty acids may optimize the cardiovascular benefits from dietary PUFAs.

C-Reactive Protein ; metabolism ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Cholesterol, LDL ; blood ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Erythrocyte Membrane ; metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; blood ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6 ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Triglycerides ; blood