Objective To identify the incidence and risk factors associated with urinary tract infection in spinal cord injured patients who accepted sterile intermittent catheterization. Methods 243 patients with spinal cord injury were analysed retrospectively. Results The overall incidence of urinary tract infection was 0.93 episodes per 100 person-days. The risk factors associated with urinary tract infection were age older than 40, frequent exposure to antibiotics, cervical injury, score of functional independence measure less than 71 and bladder dysfunction. The independence risk factors were cervical injury, score of functional independence measure less than 71 and bladder dysfunction. Conclusion High level spinal cord injured patients with lower function and bladder dysfunction are higher risk for urinary tract infection.

Phlegm is an important etiopathogenisis of female reproductive dysfunction in TCM.ZHU Dan-xi put forward the famous constitution theory of "phlegm in fat people",and there was internal regularity in pathogenesis of wemen with phlegm-dampness constitution.His viewpoint guided the clinical treatment objectively and provided a solid theorectical basis of preventing and treating female reproductive dysfunction induced by phlegm-dapness.Therefore,this paper will discuss the relationship between phlegm-dampness constitution and female reproductive dysfunction from the characteristics of pglegm-dampness constitute,correlation of obesity and pglegm-dampness constitute,and so on.

Objective　To explore the possibility of R plasmid (pRST98) encoding resistance to antimicrobial agents in S. typhi mediate virulence to its host bacteria. Methods　pRST98 was transferred into a less virulent strain of S. typhimurium RIA for creating a transconjugant pRST98/RIA. The standard S. typhimurium virulence strain SR-11 which carries a 100kb virulence plasmid was used as a positive control, and RIA as a negative one. Infection with S. typhimurium was employed to assess the effect of pRST98 on the virulence of host bacteria by LD50 of peroral (p.o.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection of BALB/c mice. After oral inoculation of the bacteria into BALB/c mice, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and liver were examined for quantity of bacteria and for the histopathological changes. The three strains were also studied for their in vitro adhesion and invasion of HEp-2, CHO and HeLa cells. Three chromosomally isogenic strains, i.e., plasmid-containing wild-type S. typhi strain, plasmid artificially cured strain and plasmid-reintroduced into the cured strain were compared for their resistance to the bactericidal activity present in human, rabbit and guinea pig sera. Results　The p.o. and i.p. LD50 of pRST98/RIA was 700 and 75 folds less than that of RIA. The bacteria counting in mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and liver were more (P<0.05) and more severe histopathological changes were observed in pRST98 harboring S. typhimurium. However, pRST98 did not affect the adhesion and invasion of S. typhimurium to the cells. Experiments showed that pRST98 mediated resistance to serum bactericidal effect in host bacteria (P<0.05). Conclusion　This is the first report about a plasmid carrying genes coding for drug resistance and virulence in S. typhi. The data presented here suggested that novel virulence gene or related sequences, which are important in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infection could exist on pRST98.

Objective To assess the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at different frequencies on behavioral and psychological symptoms and cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease.Methods Seventy-two patients were randomly divided into a high frequency group,a low frequency group and a control group (n =24 for each),and given 10 Hz,1 Hz or sham rTMS over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at an intensity was 80％ of each patient's movement threshold.The stimulation was for 30 min a day,five days a week.During the 4 weeks of treatment,risperidone was used at a fixed dose of 1 mg per day for all patients.Before and after the treatment,all 3 groups were assessed using the behavioral pathology in Alzheimer's disease rating scale (BEHAVE-AD) and the mini-mental state examination (MMSE).Results Two weeks after the treatment,the average BEHAVE-AD score of the high frequency group had decreased significantly from (16.75±6.26) to (13.84± 6.10),significantly lower than the low frequency and the control groups' averages.Two weeks later,the average BEHAVE-AD scores of the 3 groups were significantly lower than before the treatment,but the decrease of the high frequency group was of significantly greater compared to the other 2 groups.Four weeks after the treatment the average MMSE score of the high frequency group was significantly better than before the treatment (P＜0.01),and better than the low frequency and the control group's averages.The effectiveness rates of the high frequency group,the low frequency group and the control group were 88％,58％ and 54％ respectively,all significantly different.Conclusion High frequency (10 Hz) rTMS combined with risperidone can improve the behavioral and psychological symptoms and cognitive function of AD patients,while low frequency (1Hz) rTMS does not have obvious effects.

AIM: In order to search carrier material and better tissue culture method, the morphology and structure of the cultured cat corneal endothelium was observed. METHODS: The cat corneal endothelial cells were seeded on the Descemet's membrane of the dehydrated swine corneal stroma, and then cultured in the medium with epidermal growth factor and laminin for 7 days. The morphology and structure of reconstructed tissue was tested by the inverted microscope and the scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: As shown by the morphological observations, the cultured cat corneal endothelial cells formed an integrated membrane, and attached to the Descemet's membrane, which was similar to the nature tissue. The cells connected tightly to each other, and some of them arranged in hexagon approximately. CONCLUSION: The cat corneal endothelial cells could be rebuilt on the carrier of the dehydrated swine corneal stroma successfully, which is similar to the nature tissue.

Objective To discuss the effect of the teaching mode of technological pedagogical and content knowledge in biochemistry theory teaching. Methods 400 students in 8 classes of clinical medicine undergraduate in Grade 2013 were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups. The traditional teaching mode was applied in the control group of 198 students in 1-4 classes, while the technological pedagogical and content knowledge teaching mode was applied in the experimental group of 202 students in 5-8 classes. 385 students in 8 classes of clinical medical undergraduates in Grade 2014 were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups. The control group of 189 students in 1-4 classes adopted the traditional teaching mode, while the experimental group of 196 students in 5-8 classes adopted the technological pedagogical and content knowledge teaching mode, which used the micro-lesson and network platform as learning resource superior to the flipped classroom. Flipped classroom was divided into two major learning links:extracurricular self-study and class digestion. Through the network platform the micro-lesson was presented to the learners. Learners could make self-study according to their own specific circumstances and in the classroom many activities were increased such as the mutual cooperation between the students, the students' PPT teaching, the students' questions and the discussion, and the interaction between teachers and students, etc. The results of the examinations of the two terms students of the same profession and the questionnaire were analyzed. The related data were processed by SPSS 15.0, and the data between groups were compared by t test . Results The test scores analysis showed that the individual test scores in experimental group of Grade 2013 were [(17.94±2.02) vs. (12.28±4.17)], and the individual test scores in experimental group of Grade 2014 were [(18.21 ±1.78) vs. (12.45 ±5.13)], which were obviously higher than the control group, and there was statistical significance. The final exam scores in experimental group of Grade 2013 were [(78.28±11.18) vs. (68.65±12.51)], and the final exam scores in experimental group of Grade 2014 were [(81.73 ±9.12) vs. (74.41 ±11.87)], which were obviously higher than the control group, and there was statistical significance. The results of survey showed that the students thought the teaching mode aroused their study interests while 393 (93.7%), thought the teaching mode developed their self-study ability while 357 (89.7%), thought the teaching mode beneficial to cultivating their ability of solving the problems. Conclusion The teaching mode of technological pedagogical and content knowledge is of certain signifi-cance to break the plight of the traditional teaching, inspire the students interest in learning, improve the teaching quality of biochemistry, and make for the teachers' professional development.

Objective The risk of ovarian/pelvic serous cancer can be reduced by prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy ( PBS) at the time of hysterectomy .This study was to evaluate the short-term influence of PBS plus hysterectomy on ovarian reserve in premenopausal women . Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data about 60 premenopausal women treated by total lapa-roscopic hysterectomy ( TLH) for benign indications , 30 undergoing PBS at the same time ( the experimental group ) while the other 30 with the ovary preserved ( the control group ) .We compared the levels of FSH, LH, E2, and anti-Müllerian hormone ( AMH) and the inci-dence of peri-menopausal symptoms between the two groups of patients before and at 1 and 3 months after operation . Results Statistically significant differences were not observed between the two groups in the such baseline clinical characteristics as age , gravidity, parity, men-strual cycle, comorbidity, diagnosis, comorbidities, and history of abdominal surgery (P>0.05), nor in the AMH level at the baseline ([1.08±0.08] vs [1.04±0.10] ng/mL) or at 1 month ([0.86± 0.44] vs [0.81±0.48] ng/mL) or 3 months postoperatively ([0.84±0.94] vs [0.68±0.42] ng/mL) (F=0.247, P=0.746).Howev-er, the mean level of AMH was markedly reduced at 1 and 3 months after operation as compared with the baseline ( P<0.05) , though with no significant difference between 1 and 3 months ( P>0.05) .There were not any statistically significant differences in the levels FSH, LH, and E2 between the two groups before or at 1 and 3 months after surgery (P>0.05), nor in the incidence rates of peri-menopausal symptoms at 1 month (6.7%vs 3.3%, P>0.05) or 3 months postoperatively (10.0%vs 6.7%, P>0.05). Conclusion PBS at the time of total hysterectomy in premenopausal women does not affect ovarian reserve in the short term .The level of AMH has a higher sensitivity than those of FSH , LH and E2 in the assessment of postoperative ovarian function .

BACKGROUND: Denddtic cells (DCs) constitute the dominant population of antigen presenting cells (APCs) by possessing potent ability to initiate T cell immunity. The ultrastructure study of DCs is less reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ultrastructure of DCs from mice bone marrow at different maturation stages, and the morphology of DCs between CD40 ligation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) stimulation in vitro. METHODS: Mice myeloid DCs were generated from bone marrow in vitro using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Immature DCs were loaded with apoptotic tumor cells (AP-DC), and AP-DC was then stimulated with CD40L-CHO cells and TNF-α for 48 hours, respectively. DCs were routinely sectioned, and ultrastructure was observed under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Immature DCs showed a few short and blunt cytoplasmic processes, there were specific morphology lysosomes that liked earphone in some cells; DCs engulfing the apoptotic bodies were observed; sub-cellular structures between CD40 ligation and TNF-α stimulated DCs were different, the former had typical morphology of mature DCs which exhibited many dendritic protrusions, however, some DCs displayed apoptosis and autophagy after TNF-α stimulation. In a conclusion, CD40 ligation plays an essential role in myeloid DCs differentiation and maturation, TNF-α can mediate apoptosis and autophaqy of DCs.

Objective To evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of cystic renal cell carcinoma and to improve the preoperative diagnosis and curative rate of the disease. Methods Ten cases of cystic renal cell carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed in the aspects of imaging and pathologic characteristics. There were 7 males and 3 females with average age of 56 years old (ranging from 38--74 years old) in this study. There were 3 cases complained of sore waist, 7 cases were found renal masses in annual physical examination and 2 cases had the history of renal cysts. The cyst diameter was 3.5 8.2 cm. Six cases had been diagnosed with ultrasound and 7 cases had been diagnosed with CT scan pre-operatively. Eight eases were diagnosed with frozen section during operation. All the 10 cases accepted radical nephreetomies. Results The post-operative histological diagnosis showed that there were 9 cases of clear cell carcinoma and 1 case of granular cell carcinoma. The pathological character istics were tumor necrosis of renal cell carcinoma in 6 cases, multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma in 2 cases and carcinoma in renal cyst in 2 cases. Eight patients followed up from 6 months to 5 years. Six patients were still alive (mean 28.5 months). Conclusion The keys to improve the diagnosis and curative rate of the cystic renal cell carcinoma are paying attention to the pre-operative imaging study, the intra-operative frozen section examination and histopathology results.

Objective To investigate the relenvant factors of precocious puberty and provide the basis for precaution of high risk group of precocious puberty .Methods A 1:1 case-control study was performed on 50 healthy girls and 50 precocious puberty girls .Results Univariate analysis showed an significant differences in the exposure rates of following five factors between cases and controls:intake of nutritious and health products ,favoring meat and poultry,long time watching television,addiction to TV ads,family economic condition (The Chi-square values are 7.045,9.073,17.478,14.063,12.246 respectively,all P<0.05).The Logisitc regression showed that favoring meat and poultry,long time watching television and addiction to TV ads had significant differences among precocious puber -ty children(The Wald′s Value were 4.846,6.850,5.662 respectively,all P<0.05).Conclusion favoring meat and poultry,long time watching television and addiction to TV play an important roles in precocious puberty .