Vessels and nerves within the medial arm flap were studied in 40 upper limbsof adult cadavers.The chief results are as follows:1.The medial arm cutaneous arteries may arise from the superior ulnar colla-teral artery(45.3%?4.09),the brachial artery(25.0%?3.50),the deepbrachial artery(8.7%?2.32),the axillary artery(5.4?1.86%),or others(thesubscapular,the posterior circumflex humeral,the inferior ulnar collateral artery andmusculo-cutaneous arteries of the triceps,the biceps and the teres major).Thecaliber of its origin from the superior ulnar collateral artery is 1.73?0.06mm.Itaccompanies the ulnar nerve and the muscular branch of the radial nerve whichpasses to the medial head of the triceps.2.The medial arm cutaneous arteries may be divided into four types accordingto their number of sources:one-source type——10.0%?4.74;two-source type——52.5%?7.9;three-source type——32.5%?7.41;five-source type——5.0%?3.45.The chief cutaneous vein of the medial arm flap is the basilic vein and its tributa-ries.The caliber at the terminal end of the basilic vein is 4.76?0.25mm.3.The blood vessels within the medial arm flap anastomose into networks whichdrain from the whole flap.4.The diameter of upper part of the medial arm cutaneous nerve is 1.24mm.The diameter of upper part of the posterior arm cutaneous nerve is 0.5～1.0mm.The diameter of upper part of the medial forearm cutaneous nerve is 2.26mm.5.The blood vessels and the clinical applications of the medial arm flap werediscussed in this article.

1. The blood supply of the tensor fascia lata myocutaneous free flap comes chiefly from the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex artery (76.74％) or its ascending and the transverse branches (23.26％). In most cases the ascending branch may be served as the vascular pedicle of myocutaneous free flap in transplatation. In a few cases the transverse branch my be used instead of the ascending one.2. The projection of the origin of the lateral circumflx artery on the body surface is at a point averaging 96.5mm below, and 49.2mm medial to the anterior superior iliac spine. This point is the surface landmark of the lateral circumflex artery. 3. The branches of the lateral circumflex artery may be classified into four types. Type 1—32 cases, 74.42％; Type Ⅱ—3 cases, 6.98％; Type Ⅲ—7 cases, 16.28％; Type Ⅳ—1 cases, 2.33％.4. The tensor fascia lata is chiefly supplied by the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex artery, it divides into a short superior and a long inferior twigs. Both twigs enter the muscle and form abundant anastomoses in the subcutaneus tissues. In order to reduce the thick ness of the free flap for the use in plastics, the superior twig with its supplying muscle is cut away and the inferior one's left to supply myocutaneus flap.5. The angle between the ascending branch and the inner surface of the tensor fasca lata varies between 44? to 120?, with an average of 66.5?. The original angle must be kept in transplantation, which favours the survival of the myocutaneus free flap.

The origin, pattern, caliber, projection on the body surface and anastomoses of the cutaneous arteries within the lateral thoracic flap have been studied in 33 cases (sides): adults- 30 cases, children- 3 cases. The chief results are as follows:1. Four types of cutaneous arterial supply within this flap be divided according to the number of branches: one branched type(51.51%?8.70), two branched type(27.27%?7.75), three branched type(15.15%?6.24), four branched type(6.06%?4.15).2. Lateral thoracic cutaneous arteries may arise from one to four of the brachial, lateral thoracic, axillary, dorsal thoracic, subscapular or thoraco-acromial arteries. The caliber of their origin varies between 1.23～1.75mm. The thoracoepigastric vein which drains blood into the lateral thoracic vein may be regarded as the main cutaneous vein in the flap area. The caliber of its end is 3.35?0.42 mm. This vein provided with valves.3. There are plenty of cutaneous arterial anastomoses within the lateral thoracic flap. In the radiograph the networks of blood vessels may be seen among the branches of the cutaneous arteries. These networks are distributed over the whole flap.4. The blood vessels of the lateral thoracic flap and its application have been discussed and the position of skin incisions and landmark of the cutaneous arteries been proposed in the article.

The relation between molar attrition and age was studied in 208 skulls Chinese male of cadavers from the Liaoning province. The ages of these cadavers range from 15 to 61 years. The total number of teeth studied are: 658 first molars and 601 second molars. The degree of attrition was divided into six grades. Results may be summarized as follows:1. The degree of molar attrition increases with age.2. The second molar is less attrited thanthe first one in the same jaw be'cause it crupts later, and the age ratio (in years) between M_1 and M_2 is about 6:7.3. The degree of molar attrition on both sides and both jaws is symmetrical in 63?1.9％, but no general rule can be found.4. A regressive equation of molar attrition has been obtained.

The arterial source of the flap,the anastomoses of cutaneous arteries in theskin and subcutaneous tissue and nervous distribution in the flap were observed andsurveyed in 42 upper limbs of adult cadavers.1.The arterial source of the flap comes mainly from the cutaneous branches ofprofund brachial artery,radial collateral artery,lateral humeral cutaneous artery andcutaneous branches of the posterior circumflex humeral artery.In most cases theprofund brachial artery and radial collateral artery may be served as the vascularpedicle of the flap of lateral brachium in transplantation.2.The cutaneous arteries in this flap anastomose each other to from a networkin the skin and subcutaneous tissue.Cutaneous arteries arising from the medial brac-hial region and the upper part of forearm also participate in the formation of thisvascular network.3.The veins of the flap contain both superficial and deep groups:The superfi-cial group is the cephalic vein of brachium which goes upward along the lateralsulcus of m.biceps brachii and its outer caliber is somewhat wider;the deep groupfollows the profund brachial artery or radial collateral artery as their venae comit-antes.Both groups may be sutured together or separately with veins of the recipientin skin grafting.4.The lateral brachial cutaneous nerve and posterior antebrachial cutaneousnerve pierce through the lateral intermuscular septum at various levels,and innervateover the skin in lateral brachial and posterior forearm regions.Since the posteriorbrachial cutaneous nerve is accompanied closely by the radial collateral artery,muchattention should be paid to it in cutting skin flap.5.The extent of cutting a skin flap in lateral brachial region can be enlargeddue to free anastomoses with arteries of adjacent regions which was demonstrated byperfusing red ink into profund brachial artery.The flap of lateral brachium maybe subdivided into following three parts:the upper,middle and lower,the vascularpedicle of which are the cutaneous branch of posterior circumflex humeral artery,lateral humeral cutaneous artery and profund brachial artery(or radial collateralartery)respectively.

The cutaneous arteries of the forearm and their anastomoses in skin and subcutaneous tissue were invetigated on 35 upper limbs.1. The average length of the radial artery is 215.3 mm. This artery can be divided into a covered part and a exposed part. Their lengths are 117.7 mm. and 101.4 mm. respectively. The calibers of the upper end, the intermediate point, and the lower end of the radial artery are 2.7mm, 2.3 mm and 2.4 mm respectively.2. The exposed part of the radial artery sends out more cutaneous branches (9.6 branches) than the covered part (4.2 branches), While their muscular branches are nearly equal in number. The calibers of the cutaneous and muscular branches of the radial artery varies from 0.3～0.5 mm.The fine anastomoses of the cutaneous branches exist between the radial and ulnar arteries and between the radial and ulnar arteries and the dorsal interosseus artery and they form an arterial networks in the subcutaneous tissue of the whole forearm. For blood supply a skin flap may be cut from the whole forearm from the standpoint of morphology.4. The calibers of the radial and cephalic veins at the level of middle part of the forearm are 1.3 mm and 2.8 mm respectively. As the vasular pedicle both the veins should be anastomosed during transplant operation in order to increase the volume of the draining blood.5. The skin flap of forearm blongs to a type of blood supply of arterial trunk network, which have been distinguished with that of some other skin and myocutaneous flaps according to the anatomical characteristics of the radial artery.