With the change of clinical infection patterns,increasing number of multi-drug resistance bacteria and emerging of new discovering pathogens,the knowledge of Clinical Microbiology has developed and updated rapidly.It will produce positive effect on students'competence cultivation to introduce the knowledge about new techniques application and related subjects in student's clinical teaching practice.

Objective To establish human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) feeder-independent and cell factor-free culture system. Methods Effect of high and low clone densities of hESCs culture was compared and impact of the clone densities to hESCs culture media was analyzed. Results HESCs could maintain their undifferentiated states at high clone density (34 clones/cm2) without cell factors. At the same time,the bone morphology protein (BMP)-like induction of N2 and B27 supplements (NB) medium could be modulated by the clone density,and high level of BMP-like induction was accompanied by high clone density. Conclusion High clone density of hESCs can change the environments by themselves to maintain the undifferentiated states,which provides a new clue to explore the mechanism of undifferentiated states of hESCs and simplify the culture medium.

Objective:To study the protective effect of alendronate combined with Lactobacillus rhamnosus on bone loss in ovariectomized mice.Methods:Fifty female C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 equal groups ( n=10). Ovariotomy was performed in groups A, B, C and D while a sham operation was performed in group E. Group A was subjected to combined administration of alendronate and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, group B to administration of alendronate, group C to administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and groups D and E to administration of physiological saline only. At 3 months after operation, all the mice were sacrificed to harvest their femurs. Micro CT scanning was performed to detect the bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular relative volume, bone surface area/bone volume, and trabecular thickness and number of trabecular bone. Three-point bending test was used to detect the maximum load, stiffness, ultimate load, Young＇s modulus, and fracture energy. Osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase levels were measured using blood samples from the mice eyeballs. The 2 groups were compared in terms of all the above indexes. Results:The BMD [(669.87±67.87) mg/cm 3], maximum load [(14.35±0.75) N] and fracture energy [(1,497.43±38.29) J/m 2] in group A were significantly higher than those in group B [(520.07±9.01) mg/cm 3, (11.94±0.82) N and(1,277.61±35.12) J/m 2] and group C [(388.15±25.61) mg/cm 3, (11.10±0.93) N and (1,115.27±63.24) J/m 2] (all P<0.05). The osteocalcin level in group A [(22.25±1.78) ng/mL] was significantly higher than that in group B [(19.08±1.45) ng/mL] and group D [(19.33±1.66) ng/mL] (both P<0.05). The alkaline phosphatase level in group A [(83.21±9.69) ng/mL] was significantly lower than that in group C [(113.16±14.44) ng/mL] and group D [(137.96±14.01) g/mL] (both P<0.05). Conclusion:Alendronate combined with Lactobacillus rhamnosus may play a synergistic role in prevention of bone loss in ovariectomized mice, because combined administration of the two is more effective than administration of either of the two.