The effects of diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC), a lipooxygenase inhibitor, on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in dogs were studied, The results showed that HPV was significantly inhibited after the intravenous administration of DEC, and that the inhibitory effect of DEC on HPV had seemingly no association with the decrease of systemic blood pressure and depression of cardiac function induced by DEC. It is suggested that leukotrienes play a role of mediator in HPV in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury is a common patho physiological change on clinic. It is proved that propofol has a certain ef fect on anti-hypoxia injury, but its effect on apoptosis pathways is still unclear.OBJECTIVE: To observe the local changes of hemodynamics and expressions of the key protein in endogenetic-mitochondrion signaling apoptosis pathways, and to verify the protective effect of propofol on renal function of rats in during renal transplantation.DESIGN: Randomized controlled animal study. SETTING: Department of Anesthesiology, Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences; Department of Anesthesiology,Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out at the Animal Experimental Center of Beijing Friendship Hospital from January to April 2005. Fortymale adult Lewis rats from inbred line were divided into three groups according to randomly digital table, including sham operation group (n=8),mere renal transplantation group (8 donators, 8 receptors) and renal transplantation + propofol group (8 donators, 8 receptors). Propofol was provided by Astrazeneca Company, Italian (batch number: CG414).METHODS: ① Establishment of models of renal transplantation: Donator rats in mere renal transplantation group were anesthetized to routinely obtain kidney which was repaired in vitro. Receptor rats were anesthetized with the same way. Left kidney was resected and suffered from xenoma renal transplantation in situ. Twenty-fiveminutes ago, donators were intra venously injected with 1 mL/kg ringer lactate solution, and receptors were successively infused with 2.5 mL/(kg·h) ringer lactate solution at 15 minutes before opening renal vessel. Rats in renal transplantation + propofol group were treated with the same way mentioned above. However, at the same time point, donators were infused with 20 mg/kg propofol and receptors were infused with 1 mg/(kg·min) propofol in renal transplantation+ propofol group. Rats in sham operation group did not suffer from renal transplantation, but induced ischemia of left kidney. Then, blood was reperfused at 1 hour after ischemia. ② Hemodynamics was observed with Doppler blood ultrasound technique, and blood velocity of renal vein was detected with ultrasonic probe which was fixed at local vessels after repenetration of auto- and foreign vessels. Expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3 and cytochrome C were detected in endogenetic-mitochondrion signaling apoptosis pathways with the method of Western Blot.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Hemodynamic changes; ② effect of propofol on expressions of apoptosis-pathways protein during renal transplantation.RESULTS: ① Hemodynamic changes: Blood velocity of renal vein of donators was not significantly different in mere renal transplantation group and renal transplantation + propofol group from that in sham operation group (P ＞ 0.05); but blood velocity of renal vein of receptors was decreased in all three groups [(7.33±0.42), (5.79±0.38), (4.46±0.43) cm/s; P＜ 0.05]. ② Effect of propofol on expressions of apoptosis-pathways protein during renal transplantation: As compared with those in sham operation group, expression of Bcl-2 protein was decreased in mere renal transplantation group, but expressions of Bax, cytochrome C and caspase 3 were in creased. As compared with those in mere renal transplantation group, expression of Bcl-2 protein was increased in renal transplantation + propofol group, but expressions of Bax, cytochrome C and caspase 3 were decreased.CONCLUSION: Propofol can decrease the blood velocityof renal vein,inhibit the expressions of relative proteins in endogenetic-mitochondrion signaling apoptosis pathways induced by cold ischemia/reperfusion injury,and protect renal function of rats during renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND:Renal ischemia/reperfusion during renal transplant surgery induces the process of apoptosis signaling pathways.Propofol possibly protects kidney from renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.So it is important to investigate propofol's mechanism underlying apoptosis.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of propofol on apoptosis signaling pathways in a rat model of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and the possible mechanism of action.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:An animal experiment,cell morphology observation was performed at the laboratory of the Department of Urinary Surgery,Beijing Friendship Hospital between 2004 and 2005.MATERIALS:A total of 99 male adult outbred Sprague Dawley rats were included in this study.Rabbit anti-rat Bcl-2,Bax,caspase 3,and cytochrome C were produced in Wuhan Boster Bioengineering Co.,Ltd.,China.METHODS:Rats were randomly divided into three groups:control(n = 26),ischemia/reperfusion(n = 35),and ischemia/reperfusion+propofol(n = 38).Rat model of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury was established in each group as follows.Following single intravenous transfusion of 5 mL/kg ringer lactate solution,the right kidney was excised through a median abdominal incision.The left renal pedicle was occluded for 45 minutes using an atraumatic vascular clamp,followed by reperfusion and full-layer suture.At 0,3,12,24,and 72 hours after reperfusion,the left kidney was excised,and simultaneously,rat was sacrificed through bloodletting.In the ischemia/reperfusion+propofol group,propofol(1 mg/kg per minute)was administered from 15 minutes prior to ischemia to 30 minutes after reperfusion,for a total of 75 minutes.In the control and ischemia/reperfusion groups,rats were administered the same amount of ringer lactate solution.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Morphological changes of injured kidney and expression of apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2,Bax,caspase 3 and cytochrome C.RESULTS:Renal ischemia/reperfusion-caused kidney damages could be observed through an optical microscope,and proximal convoluted tubule was severest,followed by distal convoluted and collecting duct,and lastly renal glomerulus.Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that compared with the control group,Bax,caspase 3,and cytochrome C expression was increased,but no obvious change in Bcl-2 expression was observed in the ischemia/reperfusion group;compared with the control group,Bax,caspase 3 and cytochrome C expression was significantly decreased,but Bcl-2 expression was significantly increased in the ischemia/reperfusion+propofol group(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION:Propofol is likely to exhibit protective effects on cellular apoptosis caused by renal ischemia/reperfusion.Propofol inhibits pro-apoptotic protein Bax,caspase 3 and cytochrome C expression but does not produce effects on Bcl-2 expression.The underlying mechanism correlates with apoptosis signaling pathways in mitochondrion.

BACKGROUND:Cardiac stem cels transplanted to the myocardial infarction area can effectively improve ventricular remodeling and promote heart function. But the survival rate of transplanted cels is lower in the infracted area under hypoxic microenvironment. Hypoxia inducing factor 1 alpha under anoxic conditions can stably express, and meanwhile increase the activity and survival ability of myocardial cels. OBJECTIVE:To elaborate the research progress in hypoxia inducing factor 1 alpha-transfected cardiac stem cels for treatment of myocardial infarction from the folowing aspects: cardiac stem cel characteristics, mechanism underlying myocardial protection of hypoxia inducing factor 1 alpha, selection of carriers and transplantation approach. METHODS: A computer-based search of CNKI and PubMed was performed for articles related to cardiac stem cels and hypoxia inducing factor 1 alpha published from January 2000 to January 2015. The keywords were “cardiac stem cels, hypoxia inducible factor 1(HIF-1a), gene delivery” in Chinese and English, respectively, which appeared in the title and abstract. Finaly, 37 relevant articles were enroled in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Several studies have confirmed that hypoxia inducing factor 1 alpha can improve the survival rate of cardiac stem cels under anoxic conditions. Increasing evidences from animal experiments have shown that cardiac stem cels and hypoxia inducing factor 1 alpha exert protective and repairing effects on myocardial infarction. Currently, there is no successful report about hypoxia inducing factor 1 alpha gene transfection of cardiac stem cels, but relevant studies are proceeding. Gene modified cardiac stem cels are expected to be widely used in clinic.

Objective To evaluate the effects of different degrees of acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) on intrapulmonary shunting, oxygen delivery and consumption during one-lung ventilation(OLV) in dogs. Methods Twelve healthy mongrel dogs weighing 18-22 kg were anesthetized with Ⅳ pentobarbital sodium 20mg.kg-1, scopolamine 0.3 mg and pancuronium 0.2 mg. kg-1 and intubated with a left-sided Carlen' s tube. Correct positioning of the tube was verified by auscultation and by visual inspection after thoracotomy at the end of the experiment. The dogs were mechanically ventilated with 100% oxygen. PET CO2 was maintained between 4.67-6.00 kPa. ECG and rectal temperature were continuously monitored. An intravenous line was established for infusion of Lacted Ringer solution. SwanGanz catheter was inserted via femoral vein on one side for sampling of mixed venous blood and measurement of cardiac output (CO) by hemodilution technique and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP).Femoral artery on the other side was cannulated for measurement of mean arterial pressure(MAP) and arterial blood sampling. The body temperature was maintained between 35℃-39℃ during the experiment.Four degrees of ANH were achieved by blood withdrawal and replacement with an equal volume of gelofusin step by step: HD1 (Hct 35%), HD2 (Hct 25%), HD3 (15%) and HD4(7%-8%). The volume of blood to be removed was based upon the patients' estimated blood volume [EBV = body weight (kg) ×7% ], the beginning Hct(Hct0) and the target Hct (Hctt) V = EBV × (Hct0-Hctt)/Hctav. During each degree of hemodilution(HD) two lungs were ventilated(TLV) first followed by one-lung ventilation(OLV)Each ventilation condition was maintained for at least 15 min, then hemodynamics was measured and blood gas analysis including blood concentration of lactate of both arterial blood and mixed venous blood was performed, then Qs/Qt, oxygen delivery (DO2) and oxygen consumption(VO2) were calculated. Results With increasing hemodilution, MAP, pulmonary vaseular resistance(PVR), mean pulmonary arterialpressure(MPAP), PO2 and DO2 had a tendency to decrease, While oxygen extraction ratio(ERO2 ), blood lactate and Qs/Qt tended to increase. There were DO2-dependent VO2 and anaerobic metabolism during HD3 and HD4. PVR and MPAP increased significantly when one lung was being ventilated before HD and during HD1 and HD2 . During HD3 and HD4 there was little difference in PVR and MPAP between OLV and TLV. Qs/Qt increased by 74% (HD2), 164% (HD3) and 177% (HD4) during OLV. Conclusions The results show that both ANH and OLV can affect Qs/Qt and oxygenation. The degree of ANH should be limited to Hct 25 % during OLV.consumpation

Objective To compare the effects of different methods of anesthesia on immune function during renal transplantation. Methods Thirty-nine uremic patients of both sexes (20 male, 19 female) aged 19-65 yr, undergoing renal transplantation were studied. Patients who had infection, fever, immune system disease or had received immunoregulatory drugs were excluded. The patients were randomly divided into 3 equal groups: Ⅰ continuous epidural anesthesia group (CEA , n = 13); Ⅱ combined spinal-epidural anesthesia group (CSEA, n = 13) and Ⅲ general anesthesia group (GA , n = 13). In group I an epidural catheter was inserted at T12-L1 or L1-2 into epidural space and advanced in cephalad direction and a mixture of 2% lidocaine and 0.7% dicaine (1: 1) 11-12 ml was given. The height of block was T8 In group II CSEA was performed at L2-3 and a mixture of 1% dicaine, 10% glucose and 3% ephedrine (1 : 1 : 1) 3 ml was injected intrathecally. An epidural catheter was threaded in a cephalad direction. The block height was T8. 2 % lidocaine was given epidurally when the operation lasted more than 2 hours. In both group I and II pathidine 50 mg and droperidol 5 mg were given iv. In group III anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 5 ?g kg-1 , etomidate 0.3 mg ? kg-1 and vecuronium 0.08 mg ? kg-1 and maintained with isoflurane supplemented with intermittent iv boluses of vecuronium. Blood samples were obtained from peripheral vein for determination of CD+3 , CD+4 , CD+8 , CD+4 /CD+8 ratio and IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 , C4 before anesthesia (T0 ) , after anesthesia (T1), before blood transfusion (T2), 30 min and 1 h after blood transfusion (T3,4) ,when renal circulation was restored (T5), at the end of operation (T6 ) and 1 and 3 days after operation (T7.8) .Results There were no significant changes in T lymphocyte subgroups, immunoglobulins and complements measured after anesthesia (T1 ) as compared with the baseline values(T0) in the 3 groups. In group Ⅰ and Ⅱ CD+3 , CD+4 , IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 , C4 and CD+8 unchanged significantly as compared with the baseline values (T0 ) ; CD+4 /CD+8 ratio decreased after anesthesia ( P

0.05); while 100 ?mol?L-1 and 1 000 ?mol? L-1 bupivacaine reduced IK by 24%) ?4% and 33% ?6% (P

Objective Recent studies showed that change in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) level of S100B protein was closely related to cerebral damage. The aim of this study was to investigate if deliberate hypotension induced by isoflurane can increase the release of S100B protein in CSF during clipping of intracranial aneurysm.Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ - Ⅱ patients (16 male, 14 female) aged 24-68 yr undergoing elective intracranial aneurysm clipping were randomly divided into two groups : group A deliberate hypotension ( n = 15) and group B control ( n = 15) in which BP was maintained at normal level during operation. In both groups anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.06 mg? kg-1 , fentanyl 3-5 ?g? kg-1 , propofol 2 mg? kg-1 and vecuronium 0.1 mg ? kg-1 and maintained with 1.2% isoflurane and intermittent intravenous (i. v.) blouses of fentanyl and vecuronium. After tracheal intubation the patients were mechanically ventilated (VT 8-10 ml?kg-1 , RR 12 bpm, I :E = 1:2). PaCO, was maintained at 35-40 mm Hg, In group A deliberate hypotension was induced by increasing the inhaled concentration of isoflurane until BP was reduced by 30 % -40 % of the baseline value. After clipping of aneurysm MAP was restored to baseline level. CSF level of S100B protein was measured before deliberate hypotension and 0, 2, 4 h after aneurysm clipping. Results (1) MAP was decreased from (95 ? 12) mm Hg to (59 ? 5) mm Hg 30 min after deliberate hypotension was started and restored to (75 ? 8) mm Hg 30 min after aneurysm was clipped. In group A both systemic peripheral vascular resistance and myocardial contraction acceleration were decreased but cardiac output and HR remained stable, as compared with those in group B. (2) CSF level of S100B protein was significantly increased 4 h after aneuuysm clipping in both groups but CSF level of S100B protein was significantly higher in group A than that in group B. Conclusion Deliberate hypotension induced by isoflurane increases the release of S100B protein and may worsen cerebral vasospasm and be detrimental to perioperative cerebral protection.

Objective To compare the laryngeal mask insertion conditions at different plasma target concentrations (Cp) during the induction of anesthesia with target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol.Methods Forty-five ASA I - II patients of both sexes aged 18-60 yr, weighing 50-80 kg undergoing minor surgery in which the use of laryngeal mask (LM) was indicated were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 15) according to Cp of propofol set during induction of anesthesia: 4, 6 and 8 ?g ? ml-1 . The patients were premedicated with intramuscular scopolamine 0.3 mg. Fentanyl 3 ?g?kg-1 was given i.v. . TCI of propofol was started 3 min later with Diprifusor (Graseby 3500 infusion pump). LM was inserted when the effect-site concentration (EC) of propofol reached 2.5 ?g ? ml -1 as displayed on the infusion pump. LM insertion conditions (mouth opening, gagling, coughing, head and limb movement, overall ease of insertion) were assessed. The total dose of propofol, insertion time, the time needed to reach EC 2.5 ?g?ml-1 were recorded. SP, DP, HR and BIS value were recorded at 6 time points: baseline before induction (T1 ) , at the loss of consciousness (T2), at EC 2.5 ?g ? ml-1 (T3), immediately (T4), 3 min (T5) after insertion of LM. Results The SP, DP, HR and BIS value were decreasing with increasing depth of anesthesia in the 3 groups. The decrease in BP and BIS value after insertion of LM was significantly larger in group 3 (8 ?g ?ml-1) than in group 1 and 2 (P

The changes of parathyroid hormone (PTH),calcitonin(CT)of three different anesthesia methods were observed perioperatively in 38 patients who were divided into two age groups (22 ~ 50 and 51 ~ 60). Postoperative serum Ca, P levels decreased as compared with preoperative values,espe.cially in the old. age groups with no statistic significance. These results indicate that during anesthesia and operative stress the CDS is inhibited and the regulation of the autonomic nervous system is affected, with obscure the relationship between parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and Ca, P with the alteration of Ca,P metabolism. Serum Ca may increase to the baseline by supplement of calcium gluconate during and after operation, but the operation after 4 ~ 5 days, serum Ca may also return to normal without any intervention.