Objective:To explore the difference in susceptibility to high-fat diet induced obesity in rats,as well as the changes of serum proteins. Method:Forty male SD rats were divided into basic group and high-fat diet group randomly. After 5w feeding DIO(diet-induced obesity)and DIO-R(diet-induced obesity resistance) rats were selected according to their body weight gain. The rats were sacrificed and the changes of serum proteins were screened using WCX2 proteomic chips made by American Ciphergen Biosystems. Results: DIO rats were significantly different from DIO-R rats in body weight,body-fat ratio,blood glucose and blood lipids. At the molecular weight range between 2 to 100 ku,the proteins with molecular weight of 7 945 and 9 513 were significantly expressed differently between DIO and DIO-R rats,and the proteins with molecular weight of 4496, 6152, 6267 were significantly expressed differently between DIO-R and control rats (the rats were fed basic diet). Conclusion:Different susceptibility to DIO or DIO-R was found in SD rats when they were fed high-fat diet. The differentially expressed serum proteins between DIO rats and DIO-R were observed,which might provide the basis for further isolation,purification and identification of these proteins.

Objective:To explore the intervention effect of nursing guided by self-efficacy theory on postpartum breastfeeding of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus.Methods:A total of 140 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus in Qingdao Women and Children ′s Hospital were selected as study subjects by convenient sampling method. They were divided into two groups according to the time of diagnosis. Seventy patients recruited from August to September 2019 were named as the control group, while those 70 patients from May to June 2020 were set as the intervention group. The control group took routine care and the intervention group received breastfeeding intervention based on self-efficacy theory. The rate of delayed onset of lactogenesisⅡ(DOLⅡ), breastfeeding knowledge, exclusive breastfeeding rate and breastfeeding self-efficacy in different time were compared. Results:The rate of DOLⅡ in the intervention group was 11.43% (8/70), which was lower than 25.71% (18/70) in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=4.72, P<0.05). The score of breastfeeding knowledge in the intervention group at postpartum day 3 was 16.0 (15.0, 17.0) , which was higher than that in the control group 14.0(13.0, 16.0), the difference was statistically significant ( Z=-3.55, P<0.05). The rates of exclusive breastfeeding at postpartum day 3, month 1 and month 3 was 78.57% (55/70), 68.57% (48/70), 61.43% (43/70) in the intervention group and 61.43% (43/70), 45.71% (32/70), 37.14% (26/70) in the control group, the differences were statistically significant ( χ2=4.90, 6.60, 8.26, all P<0.05). The total scores of breastfeeding self-efficacy before intervention, 3 days, 1 month and 3 months postpartum were (48.34 ± 5.37), (50.00 ± 6.06), (52.54 ± 5.41), (52.92 ± 5.62) points in the control group and (48.96 ± 4.30), (53.32 ± 5.94), (56.91 ± 5.03), (59.11 ± 4.70) points in the intervention group. The total score of breastfeeding self-efficacy of patients in the two groups was analyzed by repeated measures of variance, and the differences in time effect, between-group effect and interaction effect were statistically significant ( Ftime=81.61, Fbetween-group=31.31, Finteraction=10.23, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Breastfeeding nursing intervention based on self-efficacy theory can improve the knowledge level of breastfeeding in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus, reduce the rate of DOLⅡ, enhance the sense of self-efficacy of breastfeeding and promote exclusive breastfeeding.

Objective: To analyses the antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of 21 MRSA isolates cultured from retail foods from different provinces in China, and evaluate the molecular typing methods. Methods: Twenty-one MRSA isolates were obtained from national foodborne pathogen surveillance network in 2012 (Chinese salad, n=3; milk, n=1; cake, n=2; rice, n=1; cold noodle, n=1; spiced beef, n=1; dumpling, n=1; packed meal, n=1; salad, n=1; raw pork, n=9). The antimicrobial resistance of 21 strains to 12 antimicrobial agents was tested by broth dilution method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were performed to obtain the genetic types of MLST (ST) and spa typing. The clonal complex (CC) was assigned by eBURST soft and the MLVA type (MT) and MLVA complex (MC) were identified via the database of the MLVA website (http://www.mlva.net). SmaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (SmaⅠ-PFGE) was also carried out to obtain the PFGE patterns of 21 strains. The genetic diversity and discriminatory power of typing were calculated by the Simpson's index of diversity (diversity index, DI) to find out the best genotyping method for MRSA. Results: All MRSA isolates showed multi-drug resistance(MDR), and were resistant to oxacillin, benzylpenicillin, clindamycin and erythromycin, and 71.4% (15/21), 47.6% (10/21), 42.9% (9/21) and 28.6% (6/21) of the MRSA isolates were resistant to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin, respectively. Moreover, one strain was found to be resistant to all three antimicrobials of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and rifampicin. Great diversity was found in these food-associated MRSA (6 STs, 7 spa types, and 9 MTs). PFGE patterns were more diverse than those of other three molecular typing methods (19 pulse types). The index of diversity (DI) of PFGE, MLVA, spa typing and MLST was 0.99, 0.80, 0.73, and 0.61, respectively. Among the MRSA isolates, CC9-ST9-t899-MT929-MC2236 (PFGE Cluster Ⅴ) was the most prevalent clone, which were all cultured from raw pork (9 isolates). Besides, two MRSA were identified as CC59-ST338-t437-MT621-MC621 (PFGE Cluster Ⅳ). Different clone had their own resistance spectrum profiles. Conclusion The food-borne MRSA isolates were all MDR in this study. Different clones had their own resistance spectrum profiles. MLVA represented a promising tool for molecular epidemiology tracing of MRSA in foodborne disease events.

ObjectiveTo investigate the pharmacological action and mechanism of Shuangshenling granules in treating chronic renal failure in rats，providing laboratory data to support clinical application of Shuangshenling granules. MethodSD rats （150-180 g），half males and half females in number，were used，with ten rats designated as the normal group，ten as the sham operation group，and the remaining rats undergoing chronic renal failure modeling induced by 5/6 nephrectomy. Two weeks after operation，serum creatinine （SCr） and blood urea nitrogen （BUN） levels were measured via orbital blood sampling to select successful model rats. Based on SCr values，the rats were evenly divided into the model group，Shenshuaining positive group （0.84 g·kg^-1·d^-1），and high，medium，and low dose groups of Shuangshenling granules （4.8，2.4，1.2 g·kg^-1·d^-1），with ten animals in each group. Each treatment group received drugs at 10 mL·kg^-1 via intragastric administration once daily for six weeks. At 2，4，6 weeks after administration，SCr，BUN，24-hour urine volume，total urinary protein （UTP），urinary creatinine （UCr），creatinine clearance rate （CCr），serum albumin （SAlb），and total serum protein （STP） were measured. Following the experiment，kidney tissues were dissected for pathological examination. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins，including PTEN-induced kinase 1 （PINK1），E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin （Parkin），and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B （LC3B），were detected by immunofluorescence. ResultCompared with the normal group，the model group exhibited significantly increased levels of SCr，BUN，24-hour urine volume，UTP，and UCr （P<0.01），and decreased levels of SAlb and STP （P<0.01）. CCr showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Histopathological results revealed glomerular hyperplasia and atrophy，with varying degrees of mesangial cell reduction，blood stasis in the glomeruli，and significant widening of Bowman's capsule. Visceral parietal layer cells were displaced or absent，leading to incomplete and damaged glomeruli. A large number of protein casts were present in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules，with reduced and displaced cells，swelling in some tubules，and interstitial inflammatory exudation predominantly comprising lymphocytes and a small number of neutrophils. Compared with the model group，all dose groups of Shuangshenling granules significantly reduced levels of SCr，BUN，24-hour urine volume，UTP，and UCr （P<0.05，P<0.01） and increased SAlb and STP levels （P<0.01） at 2，4，and 6 weeks after administration. The three dose groups also improved CCr and alleviated renal pathological injury in varying degrees at 2-6 weeks after administration. Immunofluorescence results showed that the expression levels of PINK1，Parkin，and LC3B were significantly reduced in the model group compared with the normal group，whereas all dose groups of Shuangshenling granules significantly upregulated the expression levels of PINK1，Parkin，and LC3B compared with the model group. ConclusionShuangshenling granules significantly improved renal function and pathological injury in rats with chronic renal failure，likely through the upregulation of PINK1-mediated autophagy.

Shufeng Jiedu capsules， a Chinese patent medicine composed of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix， Forsythiae Fructus， etc.， has shown positive effects in the clinical treatment of upper respiratory tract infections， pharyngitis， acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （AECOPD）， and coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19）. The available evidence suggests that Shufeng Jiedu capsules can modulate the proportions of immune cells and the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines， thereby easing symptoms and enhancing cure rates. The existing reviews predominantly focus on the clinical applications of Shufeng Jiedu capsules， while the comprehensive review of the immunomodulatory effect of this medicine remains to be carried out. This review delineates the immune responses triggered by respiratory tract infections， and then summarizes the clinical application of Shufeng Jiedu capsules and its main chemical components. Principally， this review summarizes the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms， mainly focusing on various immune cells including macrophages， neutrophils， natural killer （NK） cells， and lymphocytes. In addition， this paper discusses the influences of Shufeng Jiedu capsules and its main chemical components on signaling pathways， secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines， and antibody production. In terms of innate immunity， the intervention effects of Shufeng Jiedu capsules are highlighted by its capacity to inhibit the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B （NF-κB） and interferon regulatory factor 3 （IRF3） pathways. Additionally， Shufeng Jiedu capsules have been shown to reduce the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 Ⅱ （LC3Ⅱ）， thereby suppressing the inflammation and autophagy of macrophages. Furthermore， the influence of this medicine extends to altering the proportions of neutrophils and nature killer（NK） cells. Regarding adaptive immunity， Shufeng Jiedu capsules can increase the proportion of T cells in peripheral blood and restore the balance of B cells. This review aims to provide directions for the further research and clinical application of Shufeng Jiedu capsules.

ObjectiveBidirectional and two-sample Mendelian randomization（MR） method was used to investigate the bidirectional causal relationship between constipation and pneumonia and to understand the potential relationship between the two diseases from a new perspective， providing new targets for future treatment strategies. MethodConstipation and pneumonia datasets were selected from the genome-wide association study（GWAS） website for the European population in 2021. The data related to constipation included 411 623 samples， and the single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP） data were 24 176 599. The pneumonia data contained 480 299 samples with a number of SNPs of 24 174 646. In this study， inverse variance weighting（IVW） was adopted as the main analysis method of MR， supplemented by weighted median method， simple model， weighted model and MR-Egger regression analysis results， and sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the robustness of the results. ResultSeventeen SNPs highly correlated with constipation and 12 SNPs highly correlated with pneumonia were finally included. IVW analysis results of forward MR analysis showed that constipation increased the risk of pneumonia｛odds ratio（OR）=1.143， 95% confidence interval（CI）［1.045， 1.249］， P=0.003｝， MR-Egger regression， simple model， weighted model and weighted median analysis all supported the result（P<0.05）. IVW analysis by reverse MR analysis showed that pneumonia did not increase the risk of constipation｛OR=1.138， 95%CI［0.974， 1.329］， P=0.103｝， MR-Egger regression， simple model， weighted model and weighted median analysis also supported this result. ConclusionThe bidirectional and dual-sample MR analysis method is used to confirm the causal relationship between constipation and pneumonia from the perspective of genetic variation， while there is no obvious causal relationship on the contrary. This study will be helpful for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of constipation and pneumonia， and provide a reference for the study of the pathogenesis between the two.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of Lutongning granules in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in animal models and study its mechanism of action， so as to provide laboratory data support for the clinical application of Lutongning granules and precise treatment. MethodMale SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， carbamazepine group （0.06 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， high-dose Lutongning group （2.70 g·kg^-1·d^-1）， and low-dose Lutongning group （1.35 g·kg^-1·d^-1） according to the stratified basic mechanical pain thresholds， with 10 rats in each group. A trigeminal neuralgia model of rats was prepared by injecting 30% talc suspension into the infraorbital foramen area of the rat. The drug groups were administered 10 mL·kg^-1 of drugs by gavage after 2 h of modeling. The normal group and the model group were administered distilled water by gavage under the same conditions once a day for 10 consecutive days. Von Frey brushes were used to determine the mechanical pain threshold of rats. A fully automated blood and body fluid analyzer was employed to detect the blood routine of rats. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was utilized to detect the pathological changes in the trigeminal ganglion and medulla oblongata tissue. Transmission electron microscopy was used to scan the ultrastructure of the medulla oblongata tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors interleukin （IL）-1， IL-6， IL-8， tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α， neuropeptide substance P， and β-endorphins （β-EP） in the serum of rats， and Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of IL-1β， purinergic receptor P2X7 （P2X7R）， and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p-p38 MAPK）. ResultCompared with that in the normal group， the pain threshold of rats in the model group was significantly lower （P<0.01）. The absolute value of neutrophils （NEUT#） and the percentage of neutrophils （NEUT） were significantly improved， and the percentage of lymphocytes （LYMPH） was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. The serum levels of IL-1， IL-6， IL-8， and TNF-α were significantly increased （P<0.01）. SP content in brain tissue was significantly increased， and β-EP content was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The relative protein expression of IL-1β， P2X7R， and p-p38 MAPK was significantly increased （P<0.05）. HE staining and transmission electron microscopy results of medulla oblongata tissue revealed neuronal degeneration， mild proliferation of microglial cells， reduction in the number of myelinated nerves， and obvious demyelination. The trigeminal nerve fibers of rats were disarranged， and some nerve fibers showed vacuolization. Axons were swollen， and Schwann cells proliferated. Demyelination was observed. Compared with the model group， each administration group significantly increased the pain threshold of rats （P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced NEUT# and NEUT， and elevated LYMPH （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The administration group significantly decreased the levels of IL-1， IL-6， IL-8， and TNF-α in serum and SP in brain tissue （P<0.01） and increased the level of β-EP （P<0.01）. They significantly down-regulated the protein expression of IL-1β， P2X7R， and p-p38 MAPK（P<0.05， P<0.01） and significantly ameliorated the pathological changes in medulla oblongata tissue and trigeminal nerves of rats. ConclusionLutongning Granules had significant therapeutic effects on trigeminal neuralgia induced by injection of talc into the infraorbital foramen of model rats， and the mechanism may be related to amelioration of P2X7R-mediated neuroinflammation and inhibition of demyelination of myelinated nerves.