AIM: The cytoplasm Ca 2+, expression of Bcl-2 and Bax and germ cell apoptosis of testes in adult male rats with varicocele were observed to investigate the relationship between apoptosis and infertility. METHODS: Thirty-five healthy male Wistar rats were divided into two groups randomly: varicocele group (VG, n=20) and sham operation group (SOG, n=15). Bilateral testes were removed after ten weeks. One part of it was homogenized, the other part was performed for tissue sectioning. The atomic absorption method was used to detect the cytoplasm Ca 2+. The germ cell apoptosis was detected by the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique. The expression of Bcl-2/Bax was detected by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: The cytoplasm Ca 2+ in testes of rats with varicocele was decreased obviously. The apoptosis indexes of germ cells and Bax expression in VG were significantly increased as compared with those in the SOG, while Bcl-2 expression was obviously decreased. CONCLUSION: The results showed that apoptosis was increased in testes of VG rats, suggesting that male infertility with varicocele may be caused by some apoptosis agents such as high temperature, testes toxin and oxygen free radical. The cytoplasm Ca 2+ and change of expression of Bcl-2/Bax may contribute to germ cell apoptosis and cause male infertility.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate new thought and method for improving the practice teaching effect of pharmacy under-graduates under the collaboration of medicine and education. METHODS:The training objectives of pharmacist team,the current sit-uations and problems of teaching that existing in the institute of pharmacy and the requirement of talents in the work were summa-rized and investigated,and then reform targets and measures were put forward. RESULTS:Training for pharmacists tream gradual-ly movedcloser to clinical pharmacists in China.The teaching work in the pharmacy department of our hospital was relatively com-plete,including relevant teaching system,practice systems and processes,training program for clinical pharmacists and develop-ment of workflow;however,there still remained some problems,including lacking of professional quality training,suitable cours-es,effective interactive medical and education scientific assessment mode and no attention for the training of clinical thinking and school-university research thinking. The above-mentioned problems needed to be solved by reforming internship tutorial system and improving the contents,establishing the school-hospital united system,emphasizing the connection between schools and teaching bases,establishing integrated teaching evaluation system and assessment criteria,strengthening clinical experience and training for clinical thinking by the teaching mode of physicians and pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS:Strengthening the collaboration of medicine and education and improving the training standards and evaluation system are helpful for improving the practice teaching quality of pharmacy undergraduates.

AIM:To study the mechanism of oleanolic acid induced apoptosis and its influence on cell cycle in HL-60 cells in vitro.METHODS:The HL-60 cells were treated with different concentrations of oleanolic acid and then cultured for 12 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h,respectively.MTT assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of oleanolic acid on HL-60 cells in vitro.The argarose gel electrophoresis was used to detect the chromatin DNA fragmentation.FACS was used to analyze the cell cycle of HL-60 cells.Western blotting was used to detect the activation of caspase-3 which has been confirmed the last execution of apoptosis pathway.RESULTS:MTT assay showed that oleanolic acid dramatically inhibited the growth of HL-60 cells in vitro,more than 50% HL-60 cells were inhibited when the cells were treated with 80 ?mol/L oleanolic acid for 48 h;the apparent DNA ladder was detected after exposure of HL-60 cells to oleanolic acid for 48 h.FACS analysis showed that cell cycle of HL-60 cells was arrested in G1 phase,the inhibition ratio of HL-60 cells achieved 63.24% and 67.90% after treated with oleanolic acid for 48 h and 72 h correspondingly.Western blotting detected the activation of caspase-3 after exposure of HL-60 cells to 80 ?mol/L oleanolic acid for 48 h.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that oleanolic acid induces apoptosis and the cell cycle of HL-60 cells is arrested in G1 phase.

AIM: To investigate the effect of Thymosin ? 1 on the development and matutation of thymocytes. METHODS: The proportion of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and the expression of smoothened (Smo) of the hedgehog (Hh)-signaling in CD4-CD8-thymocytes were examined to observe the effect of thymosin ? 1 on thymocyte development and matutation. RESULTS: Flowcytometric analysis showed that thymosin ? 1 showed activity at a low dose of 30 ?g/kg, and 30 ?g/kg thymosin ? 1 accelerated the replenishment and maturation of thymocytes according to the expression of Smo of the Hh-signaling in CD4-CD8-thymocytes, the potent negative regulator of proliferative responses. CONCLUSION: Thymosin ? 1 can accelerate thymocyte development from CD4-CD8- to CD4+CD8+.

AIM: To study the effects of hypothermia on the contents of AVP,Ang Ⅱ,L-EK,cAMP,Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ in rat plasma and different brain regions.METHODS: The model of experimental hypothermia rat was established and treated in groups randomly.At the end of the experiment,samples of plasma and braintissues were taken and the contents of L-EK,cAMP,AVP,Ang Ⅱ were determined by RIA methods,Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ by atom absorption methods.RESULTS: The contents of Ang Ⅱ,AVP increased significantly in the plasma of Ⅰ,Ⅲ group( P

AIM: To investigate the role of reactive oxygen species ( ROS)-mediated mitochondrial oxidative injury in isonicotinyl hydrazide ( INH)-induced DNA damage and the protective effect of quercetin on L-02 cells.ME-THODS:The injury model of hepatocyte L-02cells in vitro induced by INH was established .The cells were divided into control group, INH group, low-dose quercetin group and high-dose quercetin group.The DNA damage of L-02 cells was evaluated by the comet test .The mitochondrion was prepared , and the level of mitochondrial ROS and the value of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) were detected by fluorescent probes DCFH-DA and rhodamine 123.The content of MDA was measured by TBA method .The activity of SOD was assessed with the xanthine oxidase method .The protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was determined by Western blotting , and the value of Bax/Bcl-2 was calculated .RESULTS:INH induced obvious DNA damage , increased the level of mitochondrial ROS , the content of MDA and the value of Bax/Bcl-2, and markedly reduced the value of ΔΨm and the activity of SOD in the L-02 cells.Quercetin attenuated DNA dam-age, reduced the level of mitochondrial ROS , elevated the value of ΔΨm , declined the content of MDA , increased the ac-tivity of SOD and decreased the value of Bax/Bcl-2 in the L-02 cells.CONCLUSION:INH induces DNA damage in L-02 cells by generation of mitochondrial oxidative stress .Quercetin has a protective effect on L-02 cells to attenuate the INH-in-duced DNA damage by inhibiting ROS-mediated mitochondrial oxidative damage .

AIM: To observe the influence of Ganoderma lucidum spores on the cytokine IL-1? and c-Fos in the brain tissue of epilepsy rats. METHODS: The IL-1? level was examined by radioimmunoassay and the c-Fos expression was measured by immunohistochemical assay. RESULTS: Comparing the Ganoderma lucidum spores group with the epilepsy model group: c-Fos positive cell count in brain cortex and hippocampus in treatment group was obviously reduced. IL-1? level in brain tissue was also reduced obviously. CONCLUSION: Ganoderma lucidum spores effectively reduces cytokine IL-1? in brain tissue of epilepsy rats, improves the immunity dysfunction and plays a role in anti-epilepsy through suppressing c-Fos expression in epilepsy rats brain tissue and blocking of LRG.

Objective To investigate the effects of blockade of OX40/OX40L costimulation pathway on mice islet allograft tolerance in CD40/CD154 costimulation pathway blockade mice.Methods C57BL/6 mice were induced into diabetes mellitus as recipients,and were transplanted with DBA/2 mice islets.The recipients were divided into four groups,(1) treated with IgG as controls,(2) anti-OX40L mAb,(3) anti-CD154,(4) combined treatment of anti-OX40L mAb and anti CD154mAb.The mean survival time (MST) of islet allograft was observed.The expression of OX40 in activated T cells of CD154 deficient mice was detected.Effector T cells were obtained from the spleen of CD154 deficient mice cultured with or without anti-OX40L mAb for 3 days.The proliferation of T cells was assayed.Results The MST in the control group,anti-OX40L mAb group,anti-CD154 mAb group and anti OX40L mAb + anti-CD154 mAb group was 19,22,48,and ＞150 days respectively (P ＜0.05).The OX40 expression was readily induced in the 66％ activated T effector cells.CD154 deficient T effector cells proliferation was inhibited by the addition of anti-OX40L mAb in the culture in a dose-dependent fashion.Conclusion The blockade of OX40/OX40L costimulation pathway can promote islet allograft tolerance in CD40/CD154 costimulation pathway blockade mice by inhibiting the proliferation of T cells.

Objective To discuss the clinical characteristics of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary artery lesion fea-tures for Uygur nationality and Han nationality in Xinjiang Dushanzi area .Methods The AMI patients during hospitalization from January 2005 to January 2012 were divide into two groups ,Group A(Uygur nationality ,n=40) and Group B(Han nationality ,n=130) ,and compared the aspects of risk factors ,morbidity situation and electrocardiogram changes etc ,carried out the coronary an-glography and analyzed the coronary artery lesion features of patients in two groups .Results The two groups of patients are male-dominated ,the AMI incidence of Uygur patients was higher than Han nationality before 60 years old(P<0 .01);More morbidities of Uygur nationality were related with the alcohol drinking (32 .5% ) ,mood disorders (40 .0% ) ,diabetes (52 .5% ) and hyperlipi-demia(72 .5% )(P<0 .01) ,and mainly coronary artery lesions were three blood vessels (P< 0 .05) .The Han nationality patients with high blood pressure have more proportion (P<0 .05) ,mainly coronary artery lesions were single blood vessel (P<0 .05) .No significant differences were observed after comparing the location of infarction and related infarction blood vessels of patients in two groups .Conclusion The onset age of Uygur AMI patients in Xinjiang Dushanzi area is younger ,and the coronary artery disease is worse .It is necessary to improve the lifestyles and change unhealthy eating habits and to carry out the active intervention in early stage .

BACKGROUND: Varicocele (VC) can induce the infertility in males, so the investigation on its mechanism is important for the treatment of male infertility. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of VC induced by surgical operation on the contents of mitochondria calcium, cytochrome C and cell apoptosis as well as the changes of microstructure and ultrastructure in epididymis. DESIGN: Randomized control experiment. MATERIALS: The experiment was conducted in Jiamusi University between June 2003 and May 2004. Forty male adolescent Wistar rats with the average body mass of (220±20) g were selected, which were provided by the Animal Laboratory of Jiamusi University. Rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group and deligation group with 20 rats in each group at one week after feeding at room temperature. METHODS: Rats in the sham-operation group were made into sham-op eration models by exposing the left renal vein. Rats in the deligation group were deligated of partial left renal veins so as to establish VC models. Bilateral epididymides were removed at ten weeks after operation. The levels of mitochondria calcium in head and body of epididymis as well as the contents of cytochrome C and cytoplasm cytochrome C were detected. The cell apoptosis was detected by in situ terminal deoxynucleotityl transferase mediated dTUP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique. The specimens of corpus epididymis were routinely made for observation under optimal microscope and electron microscope. The changes of microstructure and ultrastructure of epididymis were studied.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The contents of mitochondria calcium, cytochrome C and cytoplasm cytochrome C. Cell apoptosis. Changes of cellular morphous in epididymis. RESULTS: A total of 40 rats were involved in the analysis of results.① The contents of mitochondria calcium in bilateral epididymis were obviously decreased in the deligation group than the sham-operation group [(4.72±1.45), (5.90±1.97), (10.13±2.34) mg/g, (P ＜ 0.01)].②The content of mitochondria cytochrome C in right epididymis obviously increased more in the deligation group than the sham-operation group [(0.36±0.20), (0.19±0.14), (0.15±0.07) μmol/L (P ＜ 0.05)]. ③The contents of cytoplasm cytochrome C in bilateral epididymis greatly increased more in the deligation group than the sham-operation group [(8.17±1.49), (7.48 ± 1.60), (5.93±1.60) mol/L, (P ＜ 0.05)].④The apoptotic rate of bilateral cells in the deligation group was significantly increased than the sham-op eration group [( 13.3±1.9)%, ( 12.6±1.5)%, (6.2±0.3)%,(P ＜ 0.01 )]. However, there were no significant differences in mitochondria calcium, cytochrome C, cytoplasm cytochrome C and apoptotic rate between the left and right mitochondria of the deligation group (P ＞ 0.05).⑤Main changes under light microscope: cuctus epididymis shrinked, the blebbing appeared in epithelial cells, and the light cells as well as halo cells in epithelia were significantly increased. ⑥Main representation under electron microscope: the cytolysosome inside the chief cells were increased and enlarged with increased residual bodies, and the endoplasmic reticulum expanded, the mitochondria cristae was dim, the Golgi complex was vacuolated. Besides, nuclear chromatin were dense and in lump at different size, which located mainly in the nuclear membrane. The microvilli of columnar epithelial cells were sparse and local defects could be seen. CONCLUSION: The cytochrome C is released to kytoplasm via mitochondrial outer membrane, which activates the caspase 3 and leads to the apoptosis, and accordingly causes excessive apoptosis of epididymal tissues and as well as the changes of microstructure and ultrastructure. All these changes may be one of the important reasons of infertility resulting from VC.