The measurement of pressure between tongue and the hard palate during swallowing is an evaluation method which is noninvasive and accurately quantitative. This article reviewed the measurement of tongue pressure, the changes of pressure in different poses,bolus types and people, as well as the prediction of dysphagia according to tongue pressure.

ObjectiveTo investigate the condition of hospital staff in surgery and internal medicine department in a specified hospital for consent of patients. MethodsThis study included 50 hospital staff in surgery and internal medicine department in specified hospital at the second level in Chongqing city in May 2010. We also analyzed the dealership of children and psychopath, consent of patients or relatives for choosing hospitals. ResultsThe ratios of cognition of hospital staff for consent of patients were 68％ and 46％, which had statistical difference ( P＝0.026 ). The main ways were radio and television. About 97％ hospital staff knew that it's hospital staff s duty to inform relative information to patients. ConclusionMedical legislation department and medical institutions should enhance the study of hospital staff on relative laws and regulations. Thus hospital staff have a in-depth understanding on information of consent of patients.

OBJECTIVE To investigate approaches to the prevention of sharps injuries. METHODS A retrospective questionnaire was performed for 193 nurses of a general hospital from the time of Jan 2004 to Jun 2005. RESULTS The questionnaires indicated that 46.1% nurses had suffered sharps injuries,with averaged of 1.6 times per person,of which 36.7% and 32.4% were caused respectively by syringe needles and glass wares.Opening ampules,disposal of used sharps,installing the syringe needles and transmitting sharp devices were the four major events in which sharps injuries might happen,accounted for 29.5%,22.3%,15.8% and 10.1%,respectively.It is also noted that 79.1% nurses suffering from the injury wore no gloves. CONCLUSIONS Occupational hazards of sharps injuries are threatening nurses.Certain prophylactic measures should be taken to control and prevent sharps injuries.

OBJECTIVE To investigate related factors of urinary tract infection due to indwelling catheter.(METHODS) A total of 19 cases of urinary tract infection due to indwelling catheter were retrospectively analyzed.RESULTS Among 49 patients with indwelling catheter 19 patients got urinary tract infection,the infection rate was 38.78%.The incidence of urinary tract infection of patients at 1-10 d,11-20 d,21-30 d and over 30 d catheter was 20.00%,30.77%,37.50%,and 69.23%,respectively. Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen(isolated),the others were Enterococcus faecalis,Candida albicans,Enterobacter cloacae,et al.CONCLUSIONS The operation of indwelling catheter,continued times of indwelling catheter,improper application of antibiotics are the important risk factors of urinary tract infection.The infection rate could be decreased after taking(prevention) measures according to various related factors.

Objective To observe the influence of different extraction technologies on baicalin content in QinShao tablet. Methods Determine the changes of baicalin content in two different decocting methods: 1 to decoct Baical Skullcap Root together with other Chinese medicines, and 2 to decoct Baical Skullcap Root after other medicines. Results The result showed the later decocting method (decoct baical skullcap root later) can increase the content of baicalin by 5.2mg/g. Conclusion To decoct Baical Skullcap Root after other medicines in QinShao tablet can increase the content of baicalin and thus enhance its clinical therapeutic effects.

AIM: To investigate the effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on coronary blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease(CAD). METHODS: Ninety CAD patients confirmed by cardioangiography were randomly assigned to Ginkgo Biloba Extract Injection group(n=45) and control groups(n=45).Before and after intravenous administration,the distal left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD) flow was measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: Ginkgo Biloba Extract Injection treatment demonstrated significant improvement in diastolic peak velocity,systolic peak velocity and diastolic time velocity integral(P0.05). CONCLUSION: CAD patients in the treatment of Ginkgo Biloa Extract lead to the increase in LAD blood flow.

Objective To investigate the acquaintance of secondary spinal cord injury (sSCI) of patients and medical workers. Methods 260 patients with sSCI, 145 nurses and 45 doctors were surveyed by questionnaire on the principle of convenience sampling. Results 20% patients knew about sSCI before injured, 41.5% patients took site protection; 90% nurses and 100% doctors knew about sSCI. Conclusion Related knowledge should be publicized to decrease the rate of sSCI and raise people' consciousness, and medical workers should be strengthened health education.

Objective To analyze the relationship among the general self-efficacy,self-esteem and professional identification of nursing baccalaureate students and to provide some suggestions for educational practice. Methods A total of 403 nursing baccalaureate students in traditional Chinese medicine colleges were recruited. They were investigated with general self-efficacy scale (GSES), Rosenberg self-esteem scale(SES)and questionnaire for baccalaureate nursing students (QBNS). The relationship among general self-efficacy,self-esteem and professional identification was analyzed by multiple stepwise regression analysis. Results The mean score of general self-efficacy was 23.81± 5.27. There were significant differences in the score of general self-efficacy among different grades and enrollment methods (P<0.01). The nursing students,general self-efficacy was positively correlated with self-esteem,professional identification,professional emotion and professional skills(r=0.11-0.50, P<0.05). Conclusions Nursing educator should pay attention to the cultivation of self-esteem and professional identity in the training of nursing student in order to improve the self-efficacy of nursing students.

Objective To explore the aesthetic results of medial upper Iip repair for skin and soft tissue defects using local flap.Methods According to the location and the size of upper lip defect,the modified rhomboid flap of 60 ° above the defect was designed to repair the wound in philtrum;the O-L flap along philtral column to vermilion border was designed to cover the wound close to the peak and lateral to philtral column.Results Twenty-one postoperative patients that underwent pigmented nevus removal (12 female,9 male;ages 16-33 years) had defects in philtrum for 10 cases and close to the peak and philtral column for 11 cases.The diameter of the defect ranged from 0.5 cm to 1.0 cm.All flaps survived primarily without any complications and follow-up was for 1 to 18 months with excellent outcomes in all cases.All patients were satisfied with contour and functions.No pigmented nevus recurrence occurred.Conclusions The flap designed according to the aesthetic principle could be used to repair medial upper lip defect of medium-sized,which not only obtains functional reconstruction,but also satisfies aesthetic results,with aesthetic subunits saved and scar concealed.