The etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic criteria of chronic prostatitis were reviewed in this article. Based on clinical practice, the authors systematically discussed the thoughts and methods for the treatment of chronic prostatitis by integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Meanwhile, advice on disputed problems in clinical study of prostatits were given, such as curative effect estimation value of the number of leukocytes in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) and bacterial culture in EPS, the opportunity and treatment course of antibiotics, National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index, classification of syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), TCM symptom score, and clinical study period.

Objective To explore the application of naphthyl ethylenediamine method for determination of nitrite in cosmetics. Methods The concentrations of nitrite in cosmetics were determined by hydrochloric acid-naphthylethylenediamine method. The experiments on working curve, precision and recovery rate were carried out. Results In the range of 0～12. 5 μg/50 ml nitrite,the correlation coefficient r value,recovery rate and relative standard deviation was 0. 9996,97. 7％～100. 2％ and 2.35％～4. 51％ respectively. Conclusion This method for determination of nitrite by hydrochloric acid and naphthyl ethylenediamine was simple,quick and accurate.

This paper introduced the concept of accumulation-dispersing method and its theoretical basis as well as clinical application in the treatment of gland diseases. With three diseases, which were the Sjogren’s syndrome, cystic hyperplasia of breast and benign prostatic hyperplasia, as clues, common characteristics from etiology, pathology and pathogenesis were elaborated from the anatomical features, pathological characteristics and meridian pathways for the gland diseases. The disease pathogenesis always belonged to“mass” and“knot” of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The detailed clinical applications were as follows. For the pattern of blood stasis, the treatment principle was to promote blood circulation and to resolve masses. For the pattern of phlegm, the treatment principle was to reduce phlegm and to resolve masses. For the pattern of heat, the treatment principle was to clear heat, to relieve toxin and to resolve masses. For patients of“tumor” or“phthisis”, the treatment principle was to strengthen vitalqi and to eliminate stagnation. Worm medicine should also be combined during accumulation-dispersing. This paper provided referential ideas and methods for TCM treatment of gland diseases.

Objective:To explore the association between polymorphism of Histone Deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) gene and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in male people of Han nationality for seeking suitable single nucleotide loci(SNP), and provide reference for early diagnosis and intervention of alcohol use disorder(AUD).Methods:A total of 194 male AUD patients of Han nationality (case group) and 310 normal men of Han nationality (control group) were selected for the study. The genomic DNA of peripheral blood of the subjects in the two groups was extracted, and 13 SNP loci of HDAC2 gene were obtained from HapMap database. The subjects in the two groups were genotyped by Agena MassARRAY SNP genotyping method.SPSS 25.0 was used to statistically analyze the differences of genotype frequency and allele frequency between the two groups, and Haploview 4.2 software was used for linkage disequilibrium and haploid analysis. The multiple test correction was carried out by the replacement test with 50 000 replacement times.Results:The genotype frequency of the 3 SNP loci(rs9481408, rs6568819, rs9488289) of HDAC2 gene were statistically significant different between the case group and the control group (all P<0.05). Further analysis found that the three loci were significantly correlated with AUD in the recessive genetic model between case group and control group(T/T vs C/C-C/T: OR=1.78, 95% CI: 1.05-3.03, P=0.033; T/T vs C/C-C/T: OR=1.79, 95% CI: 1.05-3.03, P=0.032; G/G vs C/C-C/G: OR=1.85, 95% CI: 1.09-3.13, P=0.022). Seven SNP haplotypes were constructed and the association odds ratio of GATCTGCAATAA between the case group and control group was 2.44, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The SNP loci rs9481408, rs6568819, rs9488289 in the HDAC2 gene and haplotype GATCTGCCAATAA are associate with AUD in male people of Han nationality. These results indicated that the HDAC2 gene is one of the susceptibility genes of AUD.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of losartan on acute kidney injury (AKI) and the relationship with mitochondrial fusion-fission in septic mice.Methods:One hundred and twenty-eight SPF male C57BL/6J mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=32 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (Sham group), sham operation+ losartan group (Sham+ LOS group), sepsis-associated AKI group (SA-AKI group), and sepsis-associated AKI+ losartan group (SA-AKI+ LOS group). Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture in anesthetized mice. Sham+ LOS group and SA-AKI+ LOS group received intraperitoneal injection of losartan 5 mg/kg, once a day, for 3 consecutive days, starting from 3 days before sham operation or developing the model. The equal volume of solvent was given instead in Sham group and SA-AKI group. Twenty mice were randomly selected to observe the survival 7 days after surgery. At 24 h after sham operation or establishing the model, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations were determined by the colorimetric method, and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Renal tissues were obtained for microscopic examination of pathological changes which were scored and for determination of mitochondrial membrane potential (using JC-1 method) and expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) (using Western blot). Results:Compared with Sham group, the survival rate was significantly decreased, the serum BUN, Cr, TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 concentrations and renal tubular injury score were increased, the ATP content and MMP were decreased, the expression of Drp1 was up-regulated, the expression of Mfn2 was down-regulated ( P<0.05), and pathological changes were found in renal tissues in SA-AKI group and SA-AKI+ LOS group. Compared with SA-AKI group, the survival rate was significantly increased, serum concentrations of BUN, Cr, TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 and renal tubular injury score were decreased, the ATP content and MMP were increased, the expression of Drp1 was down-regulated, the expression of Mfn2 was up-regulated ( P<0.05), and the pathological changes of renal tissues were significantly attenuated in SA-AKI+ LOS group. Conclusions:Losartan can alleviate AKI in septic mice, and the mechanism may be related to promoting mitochondrial fusion and inhibiting mitochondrial fission.

Objective:To explore the genotype and clinical phenotype characteristics of patients with pancreatic agenesis caused by GATA6 gene mutations and to improve the clinical understanding of pancreatic agenesis.Methods:The clinical data of a newborn with pancreatic agenesis admitted to the Second Hospital of Shandong University were retrospectively analyzed. Relevant literature published until October 31, 2022, were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, VIP Database, Chinese Medical Journal Full Text Database, PubMed, Embase and SCI Database with the terms of "pancreatic agenesis", "GATA6", "pancreatic agenesis/hypoplasia" and "GATA6 Translation Factor". The characteristics of gene variants and clinical manifestations of patients diagnosed with pancreatic agenesis caused by GATA6 gene mutation were retrieved and summarized.Results:This case was a full-term male infant who developed insulin dependent hyperglycemia and fatty diarrhea 2 d after birth, accompanied by intrauterine growth restriction, congenital heart disease, and cryptorchidism. Genetic testing showed a novel heterozygous mutation of GATA6 (c.1366C>T) which was consistent with the autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The phenotype and genotype between the proband and his parents were consistent with the cosegregation. The ACMG mutation was rated as pathogenic variant. Intravenous infusion of insulin, subcutaneous injection of insulin, or long-acting insulin were not effective. After continuous subcutaneous pumping of aspartic insulin combined with oral pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, the infant's condition was improved and discharged. Follow up to age of 15 months, the patient still relied on continuously subcutaneous pump to control blood glucose, pancreatic exocrine function was back to normal, and the development was generally normal. A total of 59 cases were reported in 22 articles, with the case from our hospital, there were 60 patients in total. Among them, 47 were probands and 13 were family members, about 61.7% (29/47) of which were de novo mutations. There were 39 variants, of which 28.2% (11/39) were missense mutations and 71.8% (28/39) were functional deletion variations. Mutations of GATA6 gene had a broad phenotype spectrum. The phenotypes mainly included neonatal diabetes mellitus ( n=39) and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency ( n=39). Other extra-pancreatic features included different types of congenital heart disease ( n=54), congenital biliary abnormalities ( n=23), intestinal developmental disorders ( n=16), neurocognitive disorders ( n=18) and endocrine abnormalities ( n=15). Conclusions:The heterozygous variations of GATA6 gene lead to pancreatic hypoplasia and a broad phenotype spectrum. The pancreatic phenotypes mainly include neonatal diabetes mellitus and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, and extra-pancreatic phenotypes include congenital heart disease and other developmental abnormalities.

Arsenic, a naturally occurring metal-like chemical element, is one of the 10 chemicals of major public concerns listed by the World Health Organization as harmful to the environment and human health. It can enter the human body through breathing, intaking food, drinking water, skin exposure, and other ways, and long-term exposure to arsenic can cause cancer of multiple organs and impaired function of multiple systems. Epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in arsenic-induced health effects, and research suggested that the carcinogenicity of arsenic may be associated with epigenetic changes. Previous studies focused on the effects of arsenic on DNA methylation modification. In recent years, research showed that 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), an intermediate of active demethylation of DNA, can act as a sensitive epigenetic mark and play a crucial role as a "bridge" between arsenic exposure and health effects. Based on the latest research progress on the role of DNA hydroxymethylation in the health effects associated with arsenic exposure, this article briefly described the relationship between the health effects of arsenic exposure and DNA hydroxymethylation, summarized the possible mechanisms of DNA hydroxymethylation in the health effects associated with arsenic exposure, and provided a scientific basis for preventing and treating the health effects associated with arsenic exposure.

ObjectiveTo summarize the liver biopsy and clinical features of patients with liver injury of unknown origin， and to investigate the value of ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy in the diagnosis of liver injury of unknown origin. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data and ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy results of 94 patients with liver injury of unknown origin who were admitted to Zhongshan Hospital， Xiamen University， from January 2018 to February 2023. According to the proportion of the patients with different final diagnoses， the patients were divided into autoimmune liver disease （AILD） group， metabolic associated fatty liver disease （MAFLD） group， drug-induced liver injury （DILI） group， alcoholic liver disease （ALD） group， and unknown group. An analysis of variance was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups， and the Bonferroni analysis or the Dunnett’ T3 test was used for further comparison between two groups； the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups； the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between multiple groups. ResultsAll 94 patients with liver injury of unknown origin underwent ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy after admission， among whom 90 patients （95.7%） had a confirmed diagnosis based on liver biopsy and clinical features. There were 43 patients （45.7%） with AILD， 21 （22.3%） with MAFLD， 15 （16.0%） with DILI， 6 （6.4%） with ALD， 1 （1.1%） with AILD and MAFLD， 1 （1.1%） with hemochromatosis， 1 （1.1%） with Budd-Chiari syndrome， 1 （1.1%） with congenital hepatic fibrosis， and 1 （1.1%） with idiopathic portal hypertension， while 4 patients （4.3%） still had an unknown etiology after liver biopsy. There were significant differences between the patients with top five diagnoses in age （F=4.457， P<0.05） ， body mass index （BMI） （F=3.245， P<0.05）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST） （H=11.128， P<0.05）， gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase （GGT） （H=24.789， P<0.05）， alkaline phosphatase （ALP） （H=26.013， P<0.05）， IgG （H=19.099， P<0.05）， IgM （H=21.263， P<0.05）， AMA-M2 positive rate （P<0.05）， and ANA positive rate （P<0.05）. Compared with the MAFLD group， the AILD group had significantly higher age， AST， GGT， and ALP and a significantly lower BMI； compared with the MAFLD group and the DILI group， the AILD group had significant increases in IgG and IgM； the AILD group had significant increases in the positive rates of AMA-M2 and ANA compared with the other four groups. ConclusionAILD， MAFLD， and DILI are the most common causes in patients with liver injury of unknown origin. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy plays an important role in determining the cause of liver injury of unknown origin， but it is still needed to make a comprehensive analysis based on clinical history， different types of liver injury， laboratory markers， and imaging data.