Sexual behavior of HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) are different from the general MSM. HIV-positive men who know their HIV status are more likely to have sex with positive partner and to engage in receptive anal intercourse as a self harm reduction approach than the general MSM. It is important to strengthen behavioral interventions so as to practice safe sexual behavior to prevent HIV transmission and maintain high life quality among HIV-positive MSM.

Objective To investigate the efficiency and safety of the automated external defibrillator (AED); and to compare the defibrillating efficacy between the domestic AED and the imported AED. Method Fourteen Peking white swine weighed (30 ± 1 ) kg, were anaesthetized and arterial cannula was inserted into the left femoral artery for collecting blood samples and measuring artery blood pressure, cardiac output (CO) and external vascular lung water index (EVWI) by using PiCCO monitor, and another cannula was inserted into the left femoral vein to place an electrode as a temporary pace maker, and then ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced by using a programmed electrical stimulation instrument. The swine were divided into two groups randomly ( random number) after VF was confirmed by electrocardio-monitor,and the domestic made AED (M group, n = 7) or imported AED (Z group, n = 7) were used respectively in 7 swine of each group. The electrodes of defibrillator were stuck to the precordium and sternum separately, and defibrillation was delivered by the AED signal. The entire procedure of defibrillation was repeated four times. The number of defibrillation delivery required to get normal cardiac rhythm was recorded. Twenty minutes after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), blood sample was taken to measure myocardial enzyme. The CO and EVWI were measured too. Measurement data was analyzed by repeated ANOVA and enumeration data was analyzed by Chi-square test. A value of P ＜0.05 was regarded as being significant statistical difference. Results There were 54 episodes of VF induced in 14 swine and only one swine in Z group was dead after 2nd episode of VF, resulting in 98.1% success rate of resuscitation. There were 37 defibrillation deliveries given to swine of M group, and 75.0% produced normal cardiac rhythm after the first delivery of defibrillation,whereas 80.0% in Z group after 32 defibrillation deliveries. The length of time from AED turned on to the recognition of ECG signal of VF was (29 ± 1 ) s. There were 2 occasions in both groups that the AEDs failed to recognize the VF signal emerged on ECG after the first induction of VF by electrical shock. Similarly, there were 2 occasions in Z group that the AED incorrectly recognized the signal of ventricular tachycardia as that of VF, but no harm was done after defibrillation delivery given following the signal of AED. During the entire course of experiment, heart rate,blood pressure and CO of all survived swine were stable,but the EVWI and myoglobin (MYO) gradually increased as time elapsed until the 3rd or 4th episode of VF leading to significant differences from the original ones. There were no significant differences in all biomarkers between two groups. Conclusions The VF can be ceased by AED safely and efficiently. There are no significant differences in signal recognition, efficacy of defibrillation and myocardial injury found between the domestic made AED and imported AED; but AED may not be good to be recommended to the professional staff of resuscitation because of its incorrect reorganization of ECG owing to over-automation.

OBJECTIVE To culture dendritic cells from the peripheral blood ofpatients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from patients under sterile conditions. The mononuclear cells were separated by centrifugation through a density gradient (Ficoll-Hypaque). The adhesion cells, collected from the mononuclear cells, were cultured with interleukin-4 (IL-4, 100ng),granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF, 100ng) and tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF-?, 100ng) in RPMI 1640 medium for 7 days. The cell morphology was observed under electronic microscope, and the characteristic surface marker CD80 of the cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. MTT colorimetry was employed to assess the proliferation of the mixed lymphocytes. The mixed lymphocytes were stimulated by DC loaded with laryngeal carcinoma antigen. RESULTS A large quantity of cells characteristic of dendritic cell was obtained. Cytometry analysis showed that 33.76 % of mononuclear cells expressed the characteristic marker CD80. After being cultured for 7 days, the expression level of CD80 was significantly increased (69.15 %). Few DC with laryngeal carcinoma antigen could play a role in stimulating lymphocyte proliferation, and the proliferation effect was optimized when the ratio between DC and T cells was 1:5. CONCLUSION A large number of DCs with high purityand sufficient treatment dose can be cultured in vitro from the peripheral blood of patients with laryngeal carcinoma. This technique may play an important role in experimental studies for clinical applications.

Objective To explore the surgical management and its results of intercondylar fracture of humerus through approach of extra-articular oblique osteotomy of olecranon. Methods From March 1995 to October 2003, 26 patients of intercondylar fracture of humerus were treated surgically through approach of extra-articular oblique osteotomy of olecranon, and the fracture was reduced and fixed with "8" steel wire. The patients were 15 men and 11 women with a mean age of 43.2 years (range 19-68 years). 14 fractures occurred on the left extremity and 12 on the right. The fractures resulted from traffic accident or fall in 23 and other trauma in 3. According to AO/ASIF classifation, type C1 fracture was found in 3, C2 in 5 and C3 in 18. 5 patients suffered open fracture(Custilo scaleⅠin 3, and Ⅱ in 2). Contusion of skin occurred in 3 and multiple injuries in 5, while primary injury of ulnar nerve occurred in 4. The rehabilitation exercises began at 2-7 d post-operatively. The healing of the osteotomy was evaluated with physical examination and plain X-ray film, and the function of elbow was assessed according to Cassebaum scale. Results 21 patients were followed from 9 months to 8 years(average, 18 months). Of these 21 cases, all the osteotomies healed in 6.2 weeks averagely, no nonunion, delayed union, separation or malunion was found. Heterotopic ossification occurred in 4 cases, and obviously limited locomotion of elbow in 2. Of the 4 patients with primary injury of ulnar nerve, no breaking was found during exploration, and the nerve was displaced anteriorly. 3 of these 4 patients recovered completely, and mild sensory disturbance and dyskinesis remained in 1. The function of the elbow showed excellent in 12, good in 6, fair in 1 and poor in 2. The locomotion of the elbow averaged 110?. Conclusion The use of the approach of extra-articular oblique osteotomy of olecranon for surgical management of intercondylar fracture of humerus has many advantages, it provides satisfactory stability with simple technical procedure avoiding intra-articular invasion, it facilitates rehabilitation exercises and provides good results with low complication rate.

Objective Gasp was defined as a pathology respiration during cardiac arrest. This study was to investigate its effect on hemodynamics during CPR. Method Twelve domestic pigs, weighening (30 ± 1) kg,were anaesthetized. After tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, continuous respiratory variables were recorded. An artery catheter was inserted for reference blood samples and measuring aortic artery pressure (AOP).Right atrial pressure (RAP) and cardiac output (CO) were detected by Swan-Ganz catheter. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced by programmed electrical stimulation instruments. After 4 minutes untreated VF, standard 30:2 CPR was done for 12 minutes and the parameters were recorded. Results pH, PaCO2 and lactic acid increased and PaO2 decreased progressively during CPR, whereas PaO2 was up to 50mmHg during the whole protocol. Gasps were observed in 10 animals, but weaken gradually; the left 2 animals with no gasp did not restore of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Standard CPR could produce passive ventilation more than dead space (VD), but its tidal volume decreased gradually, which led to the percentage of rescue ventilation increased progressively. Positive correlations were found between CO, coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and minute ventilation of gasps (MVg) (r was 0.736 and 0.721 respectively, both P ＜0.01); negative correlation were found between RAP and MVg (r= -0. 744, P ＜ 0.01). Conclusions Standard CPR could maintain 12 minutes oxygenation of body; compressions could produce enough passive ventilation more than VD; gasps were benefit to ROSC by increasing CO, CPP and decreasing RAP.

Objective To determine the main CT features and the key points of differential diagnosis of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC) classified according to 2004 WHO pathological diagnostic criteria. Methods According to the criteria, 40 patients were divided into two groups: MCRCC group and other subtypes of cystic renal cell carcinoma (CRCC). The CT findings were evaluated and compared between two groups for cystic content, wall, septum, nodularity, calcification and enhancement. ROC curve was used to determine the cut-off value of the possible CT feature which could distinguish MCRCC from other subtypes of CRCC. Results Seventeen cases of MCRCC group and 23 cases of CRCC group were included in this study according to the diagnostic criteria. MCRCC appeared as a well defined multilocular cystic mass with thin wall and sepia and no expansile solid nodules. Thickness of cystic wall and/or septum is was main CT findings to distinguish MCRCC from other subtypes of CRCC (P ＜ 0.01 ). The cut-off value of the thickness was 6 mm and its sensibility, specificity was 89% ,75% respectively. Conclusion Cystic wall and/or septum with a thickness of less than 6 mm are the main CT findings to dis tinguish MCRCC from other subtypes of CRCC.

Objective To evaluate the effects of ulinastatin (UTI) on brain protection after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a porcine model.Methods A total of 20 female swine were induced to make ventricular fibrillation (VF) by programmed stimulation method,and CPR was stared after 8 mins after VF.Swine after ROSC (return of spontaneous circulation) were randomly (random number) divided into two groups,namely UTI group and control group.In UTI group,UTI was administered slowly in a dose of 100 000 U dissolved in 5 ml saline immediately after resuscitation and then given every 3 h until 24 h after CPR (UTI not given at the time of 24 h) ; and 5 ml saline was used instead in control group.Venous blood samples were taken separately before VF,immediate after resuscitation and 3 h,12 h and 24 h after ROSC for detecting levels of TNF-o and IL-1β.Cerebral performance category (CPC) scores were assessed 24 h after ROSC,and subsequently the swine were sacrificed to get brain specimens for histopathological and ultrastructural examination under ordinary light microscope.Results Fifteen of twenty domestic swine were successfully rescued 8 mins after ventricular fibrillation.Swine of UTI group (n =8) and control group (n =7) were all survived over 24 h.Both TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly lower in UTI group than those in control group at intervals of 3 h,12 h and 24 h after ROSC (P ＜0.05).Twenty-four hours after ROSC,CPC scores of swine were higher in UTI group than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05).The brain injury 24 h after ROSC was significantly attenuated in UTI group than that in control group.Conclusions UTI can reduce the injury of brain tissue and improve the recovery of cerebral function after CPR.

Objective To establish an appropriate cut-off value of high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and optimal combination measurement in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods This research is a prospective study.342 patients admitted to emergency department with chest pain,43 patients with renal failure,40 patients with pneumonia and 18 premature with patent ductus arteriosus were involved from June 2012 to June 2013 in Peking University Third Hospital.The plasma hs-TnT,NT-proBNP,cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnI),CK-MB and copeptin were measured.The distribution of hs-cTnT among associated diseases was analyzed,the diagnostic performance of hs-cTnT and the role of combination hs-cTnT with NT-proBNP,CK-MB and copeptin were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.The statistical method was used to calculate the Sensitivity,specificity,negative predictive value and positive predictive value of hs-cTnT in the diagnosis of AMI.Results As compared to patients with STEMI(median 0.52 μg/L,range 0.037-7.610 μg/L),hs-cTnT was lower in the patients with Non-STEMI(median 0.127 5 μg/L,range 0.021-4.260 μg/L).However,the levels of hs-TnT in other diseases were also increased increased in varyng degrees (Chi-square =76.432,P ＜ 0.05)The areas under the curve (AUC) for hs-cTnT and cTnI in the diagnosis of AMI were 0.862 (95％ CI:0.729-0.928) and 0.748 (95％ CI0.666-0.818) respectively (Z =2.713,P ＜ 0.05).Taking 0.014μg/L and 0.035 μg/L as cut-off value of hs-TNT,the sensitivities were 100％ vs 95.1％,the specificities were 44.4％ vs 65.7％.The combination of hs-cTnT,NT-proBNP,CK-MB resulted in a increase in AUC (0.915,95％ CI:0.838-0.964) (Z =2.147,P ＜ 0.05) and the combination of hs-cTnT and copeptin resulted in a increase in AUC 0.921 (95％ CI:0.820-0.975) (Z =2.589,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion With the cut-off value of 0.035 μg/L for diagnosis of AMI was appropriate,and the combination measurement can improve the accuracy of early diagnosis of AMI.

Objective To develop ELISA kit stabilizer for each component ,with which the shelf life of kit could meet the com-mercial need .Methods A series of stabilizers for microplate ,enzyme-labeled antibody and standards were prepared by the means of experience and orthogonal approach ,through controlled trials ,screening out the best stabilizer formulations .Results A kind of coa-ted stabilizer (mass fraction :bovine serum albumin 0 .5% ,gelatin 0 .25% ,trehalose 5% ,PEG4000 0 .1% ) and a kind of enzyme la-beled antibody stabilizer (mass fraction :Bovine serum albumin 1% ,peptone 1% ,sucrose 10% ,trehalose 5% ,PEG4000 0 .25% ) were screened out .Conclusion The ELISA kits can be stable at 4 ℃ for 1 year after treated with the obtained stabilizers .

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the short monosyllabic list of Mandarin speech test materials (MSTMs) which have been evaluated the equivalence of difficulty, and to establish the performance-intensity function (P-I function) for people with normal hearing as clinical reference of hearing recovery and individuals ability to perceive and process speech. METHOD: Thirty-seven subjects (the age ranged from 18 to 26 years old) who speak Mandarin well in their daily lives with normal hearing participated in this study. Eight lists of the Short Mandarin Monosyllabic materials (20 words per list) with equal difficulty were utilized. The results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 17.0. RESULT: P-I function for short monosyllabic word list was x = 98.557/(1 + 12.243 exp (-0.17(P-15, x(max) = 98.557. And the sound pressure level of speech corresponding to a 50% recognition score was 29.6 dB SPL or 9.6 dB HL. The results showed P-I function of 3.1 per dB for Mandarin materials. CONCLUSION The study established the P-I function of the Mandarin short monosyllabic word list materials with equal difficulty, which provides the normative data for identifying the normal hearing in a clinical setting.
Adult ; Auditory Perception ; Female ; Hearing Tests ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Speech ; Speech Perception ; physiology