1) Afghanistan is one of countries facing serious health situation in the world, and Japan starts support in various area after Tokyo international conference for Afghanistan reconstruction in January, 2002.
2) International Research Center for Medical Education (IRCME), the University of Tokyo, sent faculties as members of JICA expert team for Kabul in 2003 and 2004, and launched support reconstruction of medical education of Afghanistan.
3) IRCME formed consortium in cooperation with Japan Society for Medical Education, International Medical Center of Japan Bureau of International Cooperation and other institutions in order to carry out Medical Education Project to support medical education development of Kabul Medical University, Afghanistan.

Medical doctors in the United Kingdom who wish to work overseas have severe problems such as job security on return, childcare, and uncertain career due to lack of institutionalised career path in the field of international medical cooperation. The same applies in Japan. It is, however, different from Japan that media for job opportunities and career related information have been far developed.
Recently, Department of Health, the UK has started to encourage human resource development in the field, which hold out the hope to extricate from severe situation of human resources in the future.

Since the publication of To Err is Human in 1999, medical schools around the worldhave been discussing ways to teach medical students about patient safety. To deepen the understanding of patient-safety curriculums used in the United States, Dr. Matthew Weinger, director of the San Diego Center for Patient Safety and a professor at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine (UCSD), was invited to participate in around-table discussion on “Patient Safety Curriculum for Medical Students” held at Yokohama City University. Althoughthere have been active discussions in journals and within medical school faculties, no discernable consensus has emerged in the United States, other than that patient safety should become part of the educational system. The patient-safety curriculum used at UCSD and the curriculums promoted by the Department of Veterans' Affairs National Center for Patient Safety are introduced.

A clinical clerkship program was introduced at the University of Tokyo in 2002 to help students acquire clinical knowledge, skills, and attitudes by increasing their involvement in clinical activities. We assessed the learning effectiveness of clinical clerkships at the University of Tokyo Hospital by examining evaluations of student's clinical competence by themselves and by the faculty. Methods: We evaluated each clerkship with reference to overall educational goals developed in advance. We measured students' self-evaluations and evaluatio s by the faculty before and after the clerkship. Results: At the end of the 2-month clerkship, students' self-evaluation scores (3.18) were significantly higher than before the clerkship (2.71). In particular, scores for patient care were markedly higher. Evaluation scores by the faculty were also higher during (3.64) and after (3.57) clerkships than before (3.26) clerkships. Conclusion: We will use this data to make next year's clerkship programs more effective. We should also develop more-objective strategies for evaluation and establish relevant educational goals.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical clerkship program at the University of Tokyo Hospital. We report results of course and faculty evaluations by students and of qualitative evaluations, such as students, free comments and group interviews. Methods: Each item of the course and faculty evaluations was related to the overall educational goals developed in advance. Students evaluated the course and faculty immediately after the course ended. Results: Students rated the clerkship program favorably overall, but the scores of thesecond month (3.38) were lower that those of the first month (3.63). Although learning basic clinical procedures is not the main educational goal of the clerkship, students varied widely in their opportunities to perform procedures. Scores of faculty evaluations ranged from 2.93 to 3.87 in the first month and were lower in the second month for all but two items. Interviews revealed that students had fewer learning experiences in the second month because new residents started their rotations at that time. Conclusion: The results suggest that the scheduling of clinical clerkships should be changed. The contents of clerkship need further consideration.

This study examined the effectiveness of a communication program in undergraduate medical education in improving communication in physicians' clinical practice. The effectiveness of the program was assessed with a mail survey using self-rated questionnaires 9 years later. Ninety participants were follwed up in late 1994; 57.8% of them replied to the questionnaire. Of the respondents, 60% replied that programs concerned with active listening and role-playing had benefits on communicating with patients and families. In addition, 40% of respondents answered that case studies aimed at teaching comprehensive medicine with the team approach was effective in improving communication with co-medical staff. These results suggest that the communication program in undergraduate medical education is effective in improving clinical communication in clinical practice when students are highly motivated.