Children with hematological diseases usually accompanied by low autoimmune function,and repeated chemotherapy exacerbated the damage to their immune system and hematopoietic function.Those lead to high incidence of nosocomial infection,most of infection were caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria and fungi.The major infections in hematological children are the following:multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli/Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria;multi-drug resistance Pseudomonas and Acinetobacte;Methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus and aureus;multi-drug resistance Enterococcus faecium.This review presents updated treatment strategies from the published clinical literature and provides recommendations for clinical treatment of multi-drug resistant bacteria in children with hematonosis.

Objective To explore the main sites,pathogen distribution and risk factors of healthcare-associated in-fections (HAI)in children with acute leukemia,and provide scientific evidence for prevention and treatment. Methods Data of 828 children with acute leukemia admitted to a hospital in 2011 -2012 were collected,infection site,pathogen distribution and risk factors of infection were analyzed.Results Of 828 patients,184 cases and 196 times of HAI occurred with the incidence of 22.22% and 23.67%,respectively.HAI occurred mostly in respiratory tract (52.56%).A total of 96 pathogenic strains were isolated,among which gram-negative and gram-positive bac-teria accounted for 58.33%(n=56)and 29.17%(n=28)respectively.Univariate analysis revealed that risk factors for HAI were leukemia remission induction chemotherapy,hospital stay ≥ 30 days,peripheral leukocyte count (WBC)≤3×109/L,granulocyte count ≤0.5 ×109/L,and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.Multivariate analysis revealed that hospital stay ≥30 days was independent risk factors for HAI.Conclusion Children with acute leuke-mia have a high incidence of HAI,infection mainly occurs in respiratory system,and gram-negative bacteria are ma-jor pathogens.The incidence of HAI is correlated with remission induction chemotherapy,long length of hospital stay,low WBC,low number of neutrophils,and acute myeloid leukemia.

Objective To examine the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of adrenomedullin (AM) on the expression of Fos and spontaneous electric activity of area postrema (AP) neurons in sino-aortic denervated rats. Methods To determine the expression of Fos and the spontaneous electrical activity of AP neurons in male Sprague-Dawley rats by immunohistochemistry. Results Following Intracerebroventricular administration of AM (1 nmol/kg, 3 nmol/kg), Fos-like immunoreactive (Fos-LI) neurons and the discharge rate of AP neurons markedly increased. Pretreatment with calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) receptor antagonist CGRP8-37 (30 nmol/kg) significantly inhibited the effects of AM (3 nmol/kg). Conclusion AM may activate the neurons in AP via CGRP receptors.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the efficacy,safety and economy of acarbose versus metformin in the treat-ment of type 2 diabetes,and provide evidence-based reference for the clinical treatment. METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed, Medline,CJFD,Wanfang database,VIP database,randomized controlled trails (RCT) about acarbose (test group) versus metfor-min(control group)in the treatment of type 2 diabetes were collected. Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.2 statis-tics software,and the decision tree model was used to do the cost-effectiveness analysis by using TreeAge Pro 2011.1.0.12.1 soft-ware. RESULTS:A total of 8 RCT,involving 418 patients. Results of Meta-analysis showed 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2 h PG)in test group [MD=-2.21,95%CI(-2.92,-1.51),P<0.001] was lower than that of control group,there was no signifi-cant diffcrencc in the glycated hemoglobin levels[MD=0.02,95%CI(-0.38,0.34),P=0.91],fasting blood glucose level[MD=0.05,95%CI(0.91,1.01),P=0.92] and incidence of adverse reactions [OR=1.84,95%CI(0.80,4.24),P=0.92] between 2 groups. Results of decision tree analysis showed the cost-effectiveness ratio in test group and control group was 847.15 and 272.53,respec-tively;and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was 13 776. CONCLUSIONS:Acarbose shows an obvious advantage on decreasing the 2 h PG of type 2 diabetes,however,pharmacoeconomics shows metformin has higher economic effects. Due to the limit of methodological quality,large-scale and high quality RCT are required for further validation of the conclusions.

AIM:To study whether albumin overload in proximal tubular epithelial cells(PTCs)induces epithelial to myofibroblast transdifferentiation(EMT).METHODS:Rat renal proximal tubular cell line NRK52E was cultured on 6 well plates.When the cells reached 70% confluens or complete confluens,cells were serum starved for 24 h.Different concentrations of delipidated bovine serum albumin(dBSA),ranging from 0-30 g/L,were then added to the cells.The media was changed every 48 h until the end of 144 h.Cell shapes were monitored by light microscope during experiment.Cell structures were detected by electron microscopy.Epithelial cell markers:E-cadherin,?-catenin,and myofibroblast marker:?-smooth muscle actin(?-SMA)were detected by immunofluorescent microscopy and Western blotting.RESULTS:dBSA overload induced the expression of ?-SMA in sub-confluent NRK52E,and a few cells elongated,but the induced expression of ?-SMA was not in a dose dependent manner.dBSA overload did not induce the expression of ?-SMA in complete confluent NRK52E,cell shape did not change either.dBSA overload did not inhibit expression of E-cadherin or ?-catenin both in sub-confluent and complete confluent NRK52E.The electron microscope showed that these cells retained epithelial phenotype,with microvilli and tight junction.CONCLUSION:Albumin overload induces PTCs expressing myofibroblast marker ?-SMA and promotes EMT.However,complete EMT does not achieve.Complete confluens(cell-cell contacts)inhibits albumin induced ?-SMA expression in PTCs.

Objective To study the occurrence of asymptomatic coronary artery endothelial lesions,and its relationship with coronary heart disease(CHD).Methods From June 2003 to September 2004,120 patients with old myocardial infarction(OMI)and stable angina pectoris(SAP)were enrolled in this study.The angioscopy of non-culprit vessels was successfully performed to detect the endothelial lesions including yellow plaque,plaque rupture and/or thrombosis.Meanwhile,the relationships between coronary artery endothelial lesions and hypertension,diabetes mellitus(DM)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were examined.Results Detailed angioscopic findings were obtained in 80 of the 120 patients(66.67%)(in 155 non-culprit vessels).These lesions demonstrated a significantly higher occurrence in patients with hypertension,in patients with high level of LDL-C and in patients with DM than in patients without endothelial lesions(P

Objective To research the recent efficacy of advanced cervical cancer treated with two different ways of uterine artery intervention and systemic intravenous chemotherapy respectively combined with radiotherapy.Methods Eighty-two patients with stage Ⅱ B-ⅣA cervical cancer confimed by pathology were given systemic intravenous chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy(vein group,S0 cases)and uterine artery intervention chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy(intervention group,32 cases).The therapeutic effect and remission rate of parametrium were compared.Results The total therapeutic effect rate in vein group was 90.0％(45/50),and intervention group was 93.8％(30/32),there was no significant difference between two groups(P ＞ 0.05).The remission rate of parametrium in vein group was 50.0％ (25/50),and intervention group was 75.0％(24/32),there was significant difference between two groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The effect of uterine artery intervention chemotherapy for parametrium is better than that of systemic intravenous chemotherapy.

We examined the effects of intracerebroventricular ( i. c. v) administration of adrenomedullin (ADM) on catecholaminergic neurons and the expression of c-fos gene in rat brain nuclei involved in cardiovascular regulation using double immunohistochemical method for Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The results showed that: ( 1 ) Following icy administration of ADM (3 nmol/kg) , double-labeled neurons for Fos and TH were significantly increased in the area postrema ( AP), the nucleus of the solitary tract ( NTS), the nucleus paragigantocelluaris laterialis (PGL) and the locus coeruleus (LC). (2) Pretreatment with calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonis CGRP8-37 (30 nmol/kg) significantly reduced the action of ADM (3 nmol/kg) in the brain. The present study suggested that ADM might activate the neurons of the brain nuclei involved in cardiovascular regulation, and supported the hypothesis that the central action of ADM were induced by activating the catecholaminergic neurons of brainstem nuclei involved in cardiovascular regulation, CGRP receptor might mediate the effects of ADM.

Objective:To prepare fenofibrate PEG2000-DSPE micelles in order to improve the solubility of fenofibrate, and study the oral pharmacokinetics of the micelles in SD rats. Methods:Fenofibrate PEG2000-DSPE micelles were prepared and characterized. The rats were administrated with fenofibrate PEG2000-DSPE micelles and fenofibrate suspension, respectively. The blood samples were collected from eye socket and determined by HPLC. The compartmental pharmacokinetics was analyzed by DAS software. Results:Fenofibrate PEG2000-DSPE micelles were prepared successfully. The mean particle size was (23. 40 ± 3. 62) nm, the drug loading and the entrapment efficiency was (97. 65 ± 3. 32) % and (1. 33 ± 0. 32) %, respectively. The mean plasma concentration-time curves of fenofibric acid were both in accordance with two-compartment mode after oral administration of fenofibrate PEG2000-DSPE micelles and fenofibrate suspension in rats. After the oral administration, AUC(0-24) and Cmax of fenofibrate PEG2000-DSPE micelles was respectively 7-fold and 14-fold higher than that of fenofibrate suspension [(61. 41 ± 5. 71)μg·h·ml-1 vs (8. 49 ± 0. 66)μg·h·ml-1, and (9.67±1.65) μg·ml-1 vs (0.71 ±0.09) μg·ml-1]. The relative bioavailability of fenofibrate PEG2000-DSPE micelles was 723. 3%. Conclusion:The bioavailability and absorption rate of fenofibrate are both increased by the micelles remarkably when com-pared with those of fenofibrate suspension after oral administration. The PEG2000-DSPE micelles served as drug carrier for oral delivery present promising application perspectives.

Objective To understand the epidemiological situation of human parasitic diseases in Jinhu County,so as to pro?vide the evidence for formulating further control strategy. Methods The investigated local residents were sampled by the ran?dom cluster sampling method in 1989,1999 and 2015. The infections of intestinal helminthes were detected by Kato?Katz tech?nique,the eggs of Enterubius vermicularis were examined by cellophane anal swab for children,the intestinal protozoa were ex?amined by the saline smear and iodine staining methods. Results The total rates of parasitic infections were 62.57%,9.32%and 0.49%in 1989,1999 and 2015,respectively. Compared to those in 1989 and in 1999,the infection rate in 2015 was de?creased by 99.22%and 94.74%,respectively. The numbers of detected parasite species were 14,10 and 4 in 1989,1999 and 2015,respectively. The intensities of infections were mainly mild in three investigations,and the intensities of all the infections in 2015 were mild. The species of infected parasites were mainly single,however,multiple infections were observed in 1989,in?cluding 4 parasite species(0.72%)and 3 parasite species(7.02%). Only in 1989,the difference between sexes was significant and the infection rate of the female was higher than that of the male(χ2=18.01,P<0.01). Conclusions The infection rates of human parasites are decreased gradually and stabilized at the low level in Jinhu County. However,the surveillance work still should be strengthened to consolidate the achievement.