Arsenic trioxide albumin microspheres (As2O3-BSA-NS) were prepared by using methods of chemical cross-linking. The desirability function (DF), calculated according to the size (<1 microm) distribution, drug loading and drug trapping efficiency, was introduced as a total index for the microspheres formulation. Four factors, inculding W/O ratio, decentralization speed, BSA concentration and stirring stabilization time, were selected and arranged in an orthogonal experimental table. The release characteristic was studied by the drug release experiment in vitro. The four factors affected DF differently. Decentralization speed behaved as the maximum (P<0.01), followed by BSA concentration (P<0.05) and the W/O ratio dose (P<0.05). Stirring stabilization time did not influence DF (P>0.05). The release experiment in vitro showed that As2O3 in As2O3-BSA-NS was released more slower than pure As2O3. It was concluded that regular As2O3-BSA-NS may be prepared by the methods of chemical cross-linking, which was optimized by orthogonal experimental analysis of different factors, and the microspheres can release As2O3 slowly.
Arsenicals/*chemistry ; Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Carriers/*chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Microspheres ; Oxides/*chemistry ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/*chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical

With the transformation of medical model,technical improvement,and the development of various medical laws and regulations,requirement for medical ethics is being increased in clinical medical education gradually.Under this circumstance,medical simulation education come into being and evolves prosperously.However,present application of medical simulation education is imperfect and far from satisfaction in China.This article summarizes the relation of medical ethics and medical simulation education.

AIM To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of buccally delivered insulin solution (INS SOL) in normal rats. METHODS The hypoglycemic response was examined after buccal delivery of INS SOL co administered with various absorption enhancers. The pharmacological bioavailability (PA) was used to evaluate the absorption enhancement of INS SOL from the buccal cavity under various conditions compared with subcutaneous injection. RESULTS In the absence of enhancers, the PA was low(6 8%) after buccal delivery of INS SOL. However, the concomitant administration of sodium lauryl phosphate, sodium deoxycholate, Brij78 as well as lecithin appeared to be more effective in increasing the hypoglycemic effects of insulin. INS SOL (5 ??kg -1 ) containing 5% Brij 78 had the highest PA of 33%. CONCLUSION The use of proper absorption enhancers is useful for improving the buccal absorption of insulin.

[Objective] To evaluate the significance of plasma endothelin in tubal pregnancy (TP) and to observe the regulatory effect of kidney-reinforcing, blood-activating and blood-stasis-removing Chinese herbal medicine on endothelin (ET) level. [Methods] Plasma ET level and ET-positive rate were detected in 40 cases of TP, 20 of intrauterinc pregnancy (IP) and 20 of chronic pelvic inflammation (CPF) and the relationship between the two above indexes in the patients were analyzed. TP patients were randomized to three groups; group A (n = 15) was treated with No. 1 Yishen Huoxue Pills (6g, tid) and Penyankang mixture (25mL, tid) for two treatment courses; group B (n = 15) was treated with aspirin (257ng, qd) for two treatment courses; group C ( n - 10) was not given any medicines. [Results] ET-positive rate and plasma ET level in postoperative TP patients were higher than those in IP patients ( P .05) . Chinese herbal medicine could decrease ET-positive rate and plasma ET level in postoperative TP patients (P

OBJECTIVETo establish a RP-HPLC method for the determination of tortoside A in Ilex pubences.

METHODKromasil-C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column was used in HPLC with mobile phase acetonitrite-0.1% H3PO4 (17:83), the column temperature was 30 degrees C, the flow rate was 1 mL x min(-1), the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm, and inject volume was 10 microL RESULT: Tortoside A was well separated under the established conditions, the liner range of tortoside A was 26.05-521.00 microg (r = 0.999 9, n = 6), and the average recovery was 98.42%.

CONCLUSIONIt was the first time to establish the RP-HPLC method with accuracy, good reproducibility for determining the content of tortoside A in I. Pubescentis.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia in health check-up population of Beijing suburb.Methods Total 1 336 rural residents in Nankou Township of Beijing received health check-up from July to Aug 2014,including 686 subjects aged 20-59 years (young/middle-aged group) and 650 subjects aged 60-96 years (elderly group).The blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were measured;serum uric acid (SUA),fasting blood glucose (FBG) and blood lipids (TG,TC,HDL-C,LDL-C) were determined.The SUA levels ＞ 420 μmol/L for male and ＞ 360 μmol/L for female were defined as hyperuricemia.Results The four quartiles of SUA levels were 27.00-254.59 μmol/L (Q1),254.60-302.35 μmol/L (Q2),302.36-359.78 μmol/L(Q3) and 359.79-702.0 μmol/L (Q4).The prevalence of hyperuricemia was significantly higher in young/middle-aged group than that in elderly group [20.41％ (140/686) vs.13.85％ (90/650),x2 =10.08,P =0.001 5],the systolic blood pressure [SBP,(126.8±15.7) vs.(116.7±12.0)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),t=2.76,P=0.008],FBG [(7.40±4.10) vs.(6.11 ±2.03)mmol/L,t=2.12,P=0.036],TC [(5.52±1.10) vs.(5.23±1.00)mmol/L,t =2.04,P =0.045],LDL-C [(3.5 ±0.7) vs.(2.4 ±0.9)mmol/L,t =2.21,P =0.029]in young/middle-aged group were significantly higher than those in elderly group.BMI,FBG were significantly higher in Q4 than those in other quartiles [BMI:(26.44 ± 3.88) vs.(24.19 ± 3.37),(25.49±3.42) and (25.61 ±3.49)kg/m2,t =2.78,P=0.008;FBG:(8.19 ±1.52) vs.(6.34±1.34),(6.09 ± 1.51) and (6.40 ± 1.98) mmol/L,t =2.80,P =0.007].The triglyceride (TG) levels in group Q3 and Q4 [(1.85 ± 0.90) and (1.92 ± 0.44) mmol/L] were higher than those in Q1 and Q2 [(1.37 ±0.76) and (1.70 ±0.84) mmol/L,t =2.1,P =0.035].Only 9.57％ subjects (22/230)with hyperuricemia was not combined with metabolic disorder;subjects combined with one and two metabolic disorders accounted for 20.87％ (48/230) and 69.57％ (160/230),respectively.Conclusion Screening for hyperuricemia is important for comprehensiye treatment and management of hyperuricemia in rural residents,especially in the young and middle-aged population.

Objective To explore the effects of aberrant expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) in cervical cancerization tissue and cervical cancer cells.Methods Cervical tissues were collected from 80 cases with a diagnosis of invasive cervix squamous cell carcinoma (SCC),53 cases with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN Ⅱ/Ⅲ),52 cases with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN Ⅰ)and 53 cases with normal cervix (NC).Meanwhile,Caski (HPV16-positive) and C33A (HPV-negative) cells selected from cervical cancer cell lines were cultured routinely in vitro.The expression of DNMT1 protein and mRNA were examined by Western blot analysis and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in the tissues and cells,respectively.Results The levels of DNMT1 protein were 1.33,1.84 and 2.28,and the Ct-ratios (DNMT1/β-actin) of DNMT1 mRNA were 1.27,1.27 and 1.26 in CIN Ⅰ,CIN Ⅱ/Ⅲand SCC group,respectively.Comparing with NC group,the expression of DNMT1 protein or mRNA was elevated in deficient cervical groups,with statistical significance (F =110.57,P ＜ 0.001,F =2.68,P =0.048).The expression levels of DNMT1 protein were increased steadily according to severity of the cervix lesions (x2tend =50.80,P ＜ 0.001),however,the expression of DNMT1 mRNA was not observed the same tendency (x2tend =3.63,P ＞ 0.05).The results from experiment in vitro showed that the levels of DNMT1 protein or mRNA were both higher in Caski cell than in C33A cell,especially for DNMT1 mRNA with significantly difference (t =7.134,P =0.002).Conclusion Aberrant expression of DNMT1 protein or mRNA could link with the risk of cervical cancerization by both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.There would be a synergistic effect between overexpression of DNMT1 and HPV16 infection in the progression of cervix carcinogenesis.

Objective To investigate the effects of berberine on tumor-associated macrophages (TAM)and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)of intestinal polyps in Apc(Min/+) mice.Methods A total of 20 Apc(Min/+) mice,four weeks old,were equally divided into the control group and the berberine group,10 in each group.The mice of the control group drank plain water,while the mice of berberine group drank water with 0.1 % berberine.After 12 weeks,all the mice were sacrificed.The intestine and colon were isolated,and the numbers of polyps were counted.The expression of F4/80,inducible nitric oxide synthase-2 (iNOS),macrophage mannose receptor (MR)and COX-2 was detected by immunohisto-chemistry method.The relative expression of COX-2 at protein level was measured by Western blotting. The t test was performed for comparison between two independent groups.Results The total number of intestinal polyps,the number of small intestinal polyps and the number of colon polyps of the berberine group (11 .50±2.05 ,10.50±1 .77 and 1 .00±0.46,respectively)were all less than those of the control group (30.63±1 .69,28.00±2.00 and 2.63±0.74,respectively),and the differences were statistically significant (t=16.727,16.952 and 3.162,P =0.001 ,0.001 and 0.010,respectively).The percentage of F4/80 positive cells in the stroma of polyps of the berberine group ((17.40 ±4.23 )%)was less than that of the control group ((31 .24±6.34)%),and the difference was statistically significant (t =5 .327, P =0.043).The percentage of iNOS positive cells in the stroma of polyps of the berberine group ((7.43± 1 .78 )%) was higher than that of the control group ((2.72±0.68)%), and the difference was statistically significant (t=7.335 ,P =0.004).The percentage of MR positive cells in stroma of polyps of the berberine group ((19.52±1 .54)%)was less than that of the control group ((12.63±0.68)%),and the difference was statistically significant (t=5 .634,P =0.016).The percentage of COX-2 positive cells in stroma of polyps of berberine group ((3.38 ± 0.51 )%)was less than that of the control group ((7.60±0.57 )%),and the difference was statistically significant (t = 7.234,P = 0.001 ).The relative expression of COX-2 at protein level of polyps of the berberine group was lower than that of the control group. Conclusion Berberine may take the role in inhibiting the growth of intestinal polyps in Apc(Min/+) mice through interfering the differentiation of TAM in polyps and suppression the expression of COX-2.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of antioxygen reaction of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in renal tubular epithelial cells of rats with oxidative stress induced by H2O2. Methods Cultured cells were divided into control group, H2O2 group and EGCG group. Cell survival was observed with MTT. The expressions of Nrf2 mRNA and -γ-GCS mRNA in cultured cells were examined by real time quantitative PCR. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to detecte the expressions of Nrf2 and γ-GCS protein. Results The survival rate of tubular cells was 97. 61 ± 6.33 in control group. There was a significant decrease in H2 O2 group (56. 38 ± 5.57) (P < 0.01), while increased when the EGCG concentration were 5,10,20 mg/L(77.42 ±5.31,83.27 ±5.94,90.24 ±5.72) (P <0.05,P <0.01). EGCG up-regulated the expressions of Nrf2 and γ-GCS mRNA and protein in renal tubular epithelial cells with dose depen-dentment. Conclusion The expressions of Nrf2 and-γ-GCS increase in renal tubular epithelial cells with oxidative stress. Resulting from suppression of oxidative stress,EGCG exerts protective effect on NRK,and this antioxidative effect may be partly induced by activating the Nrf2 signal pathway.

Summary: Arsenic trioxide albumin microspheres (As2O3-BSA-NS) were prepared by using methods of chemical cross-linking. The desirability function (DF), calculated according to the size (<1 μm) distribution, drug loading and drug trapping efficiency, was introduced as a total index for the microspheres formulation. Four factors, inculding W/O ratio, decentralization speed, BSA concentration and stirring stabilization time, were selected and arranged in an orthogonal experimental table. The release characteristic was studied by the drug release experiment in vitro. The four factors affected DF differently. Decentralization speed behaved as the maximum (P<0.01), followed by BSA concentration (P<0.05) and the W/O ratio dose (P<0.05). Stirring stabilization time did not influence DF (P>0.05). The release experiment in vitro showed that As2O3 in As2O3-BSA-NS was released more slower than pure As2O3. It was concluded that regular As2O3-BSA-NS may be prepared by the methods of chemical cross-linking, which was optimized by orthogonal experimental analysis of different factors, and the microspheres can release As2O3 slowly.