Objective To explore the mechanism by which tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α) induces RIP1 kinase-dependented apoptosis in L929-A fibroblastoma cells.Methods The sub-mitochondrial localization of receptor-interacting protein 1(RIP1),caspase-8 and Bid proteins was detected by dose-gradient trypsin digestion and Western blotting.The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS),intracellular calcium concentration,mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP),and cellular adenosine triphosphate(ATP) content were determined by fluorescent probe labeling and flow cytometry assay.The mitochondrial respiratory chain complex Ⅰ and Ⅲ activities were detected by commercial kits.Nec-1,A RIP1 kinase specific inhibitor,and RIP1-/-or Bid-/-L929-A cells were used to detect the roles of RIP1 kinase and Bid protein in cell death.Results RIP1,caspase-8 and Bid proteins were co-located in the outer membrane of mitochondrial.TNF-α exposure for 3 h could induce Bid cleavage,inhibit mitochondrial respiratory chain complex Ⅲ activity and reduce MMP.Following these changes and after TNF-α exposure for 6-12 h,the intracellular calcium concentration and ROS were increased,whereas the ATP concentration was decreased,and the cells were killed.Inhibiting RIP1 kinase or knockdown RIP1 or Bid protein could suppress all the cytotoxic effects of TNF-α.Conclusion TNF-α treatment can result in RIP1 kinase-mediated Bid cleavage and inhibit mitochondrial respiratory chains and cell energy metabolism,which ultimately leads to the death of L929-A cells.

Objective To investigate the effects of captopril on cardiac function and levels of energy-rich phosphates in pressure overload induced left ventricular hypertrophy rats. Methods One hundred and twenty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham operation group (SH group, n=40),coarctation of abdominal aorta group (CAA group, n=40) and captopril treatment 1 mg· 1001·d-1) group (CAP group, n=40). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), levels of energy-rich phosphates and morphological changes of the myocardial mitochondria were compared at the 6th and 8th week after operation. Results At 6th week, in CAA group, LVMI and LVEDP were increased and ±dp/dtmax was decreased, while ATP and ADP were decreased and AMP was increased (P<0.01). These changes were much obvious at 8th week (P<0.01). Compared with those of CAA group, the parameters of heart function and energy-rich phosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP, TAN) in CAP group were improved significantly(P<0.01) at the 6th and 8th week. In CAP group, the parameters of heart function and energy-rich phosphates (ADP, AMP, TAN) were much better at 8th week than those at 6th week. The morphological change of mitochondria was less in CAP group than that in CAA group. Conclusion Captopril significantly improves myocardial energy metabolism in pressure overload rats and protects the function of myocardial mitochondria.

Objective:To investigate the functional status of dendritic cells(DCs)in oral leukoplakia(OLK)tissues.Methods:The expression of DC-specific markers CD1 a,CD209,CD1 23 and CD83 in 20 cases of OLK with abnormal dysplasia,1 0 with simple dys-plasia and 1 0 of normal oral mucosa tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry.Results:CD1 a and CD209 positive DCs were found in all cases.More CD1 a positive Langehans cells(LCs)in lamina propria were found in OLK with abnormal dysplasia than in normal o-ral mucosa and OLK with simple dysplasia(P <0.01 ).A great mount of CD209 positive stromal DCs were recruited in OLK.There was no CD83 positive and CD1 23 positive cell in normal oral mucosa,however,CD83 positive mature DCs and CD1 23 positive plasmacytoid DCs(PDCs)were observed in OLK(P <0.01 ).Conclusion:OLK is characterized by the recruitment of different subsets of DCs,the different DC subsets may play an important role in the development of OLK.

Objective To establish a molecular typing system of Staphylococcus aureus by using resolution melting for food-poi-soning fast tracing.Methods Primers were designed and synthesized according to the literature of VNTR in Staphylococcus au-reus ,and were used to perform molecular typing on the strains which had detected by PFGE,then 4 types of VNTRs were with higher discriminatory power were selected.On this basis,we established a molecular typing system for the detection of 59 Staphy-lococcus aureus isolated from food poisoning.Results The molecular typing system has good precision for detection.The standard deviation(s)of within-batch repetitive experiments were 0.03 -0.05 ℃,between-batch repetitive experiments were 0.04 -0.06℃,between-day repetitive experiments were 0.04-0.06 ℃.At the same time,the 59 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were divided into 19 types which were 11 epidemic clones and 8 sporadic clones.The correlation coefficient of Simpson was 0.916 4.Conclusion The molecular typing system for Staphylococcus aureus based on resolution melting was simple,fast and repeatable.It can be ap-plied to fast tracing and screen of Staphylococcus aureus in food poisoning.

Objective To study the possible mechanism of in vivo production and congregation of macroprolactinemia (M-PRL) . Methods 50 cases of hyperprolactinemia(HPRL) ,50 cases of M-PRL and 25 healthy persons were selected as the HPRL group , M-PRL group and control group respectively .The chemiluminescence method was adopted to detect the levels of serum hormones and thyroid hormones .Then the detection results were statistically analyzed .Results The levels of serum testosterone ,sex hormone binding globulin(SHBG) ,thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid peroxidase in the M-PRL and HPRL groups were significantly higher than those in the control group .Serum estradiol levels in the M-PRL and HPRL group were lower than those in control group ,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0 .05) .Serum Prog level of the M-PRL group was lower than that of the control group ,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0 .05) .However the levels of serum testosterone ,estradiol ,luteinizing hormone(LH) ,follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and SHBG ,and LH/FSH ratio had no statistical difference between the M-PRL group and HPRL group(P＞0 .05) .Conclusion Certain degrees of sex hormones abnormality and autoimmune abnormality may exist in the patients with M-PRL .

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of free fibula flap transplantation in repairing the defect of mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN).Methods:A total of 151 mandibular ORN patients undergoing free fibular flap transplantation were selected from August 2005 to September 2020 in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University. Among them, 109 patients were males and 42 patients were females, aged (54.1±10.1) (ranged 31-85) years old. The clinical data of the patients was collected and the survival rate of the flaps and postoperative function were calculated to evaluate the surgical efficacy. The χ 2 test was used for difference analysis. Results:Among the 151 patients, mandibular ORN caused by radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma accounted for 79.5% (120/151). The average time for mandibular ORN appeared was 5(6) years after radiotherapy. Facial artery [57.2%(87/152)] and superior thyroid artery [32.9%(50/152)] were the main anastomotic arteries in the recipient area. There was no significant difference in the necrosis rates of the two flaps [10.3%(9/87) and 12.5% (5/50), respectively, P=0.949]. The main anastomotic veins in the recipient area were the external jugular vein [48.4%(135/279)] and the common facial vein [26.5%(74/279)]. Twenty-five cases (16.6%) had one vein anastomosed, and 126 cases (83.44%) had two veins anastomosed. There was no significant difference in the flap necrosis rate between the two conditions [20.0%(5/25) and 7.1%(9/126), respectively, P=0.100]. Ninety-seven cases (64.2%) used the peroneal musculocutaneous-fascia composite flap to repair the maxillofacial soft and hard tissue defects. Thirteen cases (8.6%) underwent the restorations with digital virtual surgery design, of which 5 cases were repaired with dental implants at the same time. After the operations, lower respiratory tract infection occurred in 17 patients (11.3%), and upper respiratory tract obstruction occurred in 3 cases (2.0%). The survival rate of the flap after operation was 90.7% (136/151), and 21 patients (13.9%) had flap vascular crisis. Delayed healing of maxillofacial wounds occurred in 33 cases (21.9%). After 3 to 24 months of follow-ups, 110 patients (76.9%) had no fistula inside/outside the oral cavity, 118 patients (82.5%) had an improvement in opening mouth of increasing (≥0.5 cm) after surgery, 135 patients (94.4%) had pain relief, 97 cases (67.8%) could eat normal diet, semi-liquid or soft food, and 137 cases (95.8%) were satisfied or basically satisfied with the treatment effects. Conclusions:The free fibular flap transplantation is an effective method to repair mandibular ORN defects. Preoperative vascular assessment is helpful for the selection of recipient vessels. Facial artery, superior thyroid artery, external jugular vein and common facial vein can be used as the main recipient vessels. The repair of the peroneal musculocutaneous-fascia composite flap facilitates the closure of internal and external fistulas. Digital technology can help to restore the maxillofacial shape more accurately, improve the patient′s occlusal and chewing function and enhance the quality of life of mandibular ORN patients.

Twelve compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis by macroporous resin, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, MCI and ODS column chromatographies. Their structures were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data as gleditsioside A(1), gleditsioside B(2), gleditsioside H(3), gleditsioside I(4), gleditsioside J(5), gleditsioside K(6), gleditsia saponins C′(7), tamarixetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(8), neohesperidin(9), chrysoeirol-7-O-neohesperidoside(10); syringaresinol- O-β-D-glucopyranoside(11), liriodendrin(12). Compounds 8-12 were firstly isolated from this genus.

Twelve compounds were isolated and purified from ethyl acetatefraction of Cynanchum stauntonii by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and ODS column chromatography. Their structures were identified by spectral techniques and physicochemical properties as syringaresinol(1), (-)-(7R, 7′R, 7″R, 8S, 8′S, 8″S)-4′, 4″-dihydroxy-3, 3′, 3″, 5-tetramethoxy-7, 9′ ∶7′, 9-diepoxy-4, 8″-oxy-8, 8′-sesquineolignan-7″, 9″-diol(2), prinsepiol(3), 4-hydroxyacetophenone(4), baishouwubenzophenone(5), 2, 4-dihydroxyacetophenone(6), benzoic acid(7), 1, 4-benzenediol(8), 6-O-［E］-sinapoyl-α-D-glucopyranoside(9a), 6-O-［E］-sinapoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(9b), 1-O-methyl-α-D-cymadropyranoside(10), β-daucosterol(11), and β-sitosterol(12). Compounds 1-3, 5 and 7-11 were firstly isolated from this plant.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of letrozole in treatment of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD). METHODS: Twenty eight children, including 19 boys and 9 girls aged 4-10y, with CAH due to 21-OHD were enrolled in the study. At the first six months of study, all children received conventional treatment with hydrocortisone or fludrocortisone, then letrozole was added to original regimen. The height velocity (HV), difference between bone age and chronological age (BA-CA), height standard diviation score based on bone age (HtSDS ), predicted adult height (PAH), Tanner phase, sex hormone, and possible adverse reaction were evaluated and compared between those before and after letrozole treatment. RESULTS: After 6 months of letrozole treatment, there was significant deceleration of HV, but it would recover soon. There was significant increase of HtSDS after 12 months of letrozole treatment ( < 0.05 or < 0.01), and significant changes in BA-CA after 18 months of letrozole treatment ( < 0.05). PAH of female children was significantly increased during letrozole treatment ( < 0.05), whereas PAH of male children was significantly increased 18 months after letrozole treatment ( < 0.05). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were significantly increased, but did not meet the diagnostic criteria of central precocious puberty. Estradiol was significantly decreased ( < 0.01), but no changes in testosterone level was observed. During 24 months letrozole treatment, no hirsutism, severe acne, headache, bone pain, obesity, hypertension, rash and other adverse reactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS Letrozole can delay bone maturation and improve PAH, which can be used with conventional treatment for children with CAH due to 21-OHD, especially for those with high BA and low PAH.
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital ; drug therapy ; Body Height ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Letrozole ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Puberty, Precocious

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of salivary gland tumors and their pathological types. Methods: Data from 2 456 patients with salivary gland tumors diagnosed between January 1973 and December 2018 at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were collected, and their gender, age and tumor pathological type, location, and benign and malignant composition ratios were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Over the 46-year study period, 2 456 patients with salivary gland tumors were treated; 41.9% were female, and 58.1% were male. The peak incidence was found among the 40 to 60 years of age group, in which 593 (24.1%) patients had malignant tumors and 1 863 (75.9%) had benign tumors. The ratio of benign and malignant tumors was 3.1∶1. The top two most common benign tumors were pleomorphic adenoma (58.7%) and Warthin tumors (33.6%). The top two most common malignant tumors were mucoepidermoid carcinoma (27.7%) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (26.1%). The most common sites of benign pleomorphic adenomas were the parotid glands, palate, and submandibular glands. Mucinous epidermoid carcinomas in malignant tumors were common in the parotid glands and small salivary glands. The incidence of salivary gland tumors in this group has increased each year, and this group accounted for 53.3% of the total cases over the past 10 years. Conclusion The number of patients with salivary gland tumors is increasing each year. The total incidence of salivary gland tumors is higher in men than in women. Large salivary gland tumors are mainly benign tumors, and small salivary gland tumors are more common. Polymorphic adenomas, Warthin tumors, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas are the most common tumor types; patients 40~60 years old are most likely to have benign salivary glands and have a high incidence of malignant tumors.