Clinical, neuroimaging, and pathologic studies suggested that a variety of nonmotor symptoms, such as olfactory dysfunction, dysautonomia, and mood and sleep disorders, can precede the typic motor features of Parkinson disease (PD) by years and, perhaps, even decades. The period when these symptoms arise can be referred as the premotor phase of the disease. This paper reviewed the conception, clinical manifestation, pathology, diogose of the premotor phase of early Parkinson disease.

Objective:In oder to investigate the effect of Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharides ( CVP) and Solfated Chua-nmingshen violaceum polysaccharides ( SCVP) on immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide ( CY) in mice.Methods: CY were used to induce immunosuppression in mice;Spleen and thymus indexes were used to evaluate the immune organs indexes;the [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltet-razolium bromide,MTT] method was used to detect the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes of each group;the concentrations of IFN-γand IL-2 were assayed by ELISA kit.Results: SCVP and CVP could resist immunosuppression by promoting lymphocyte proliferation, increasing the contents of IFN-γ and IL-2, promoting immune organs development in immunosuppressive mice induced by CY.Conclusion:SCVP and CVP exhibited the potential to used as immunopotentiator.

Objective To study the tooth and periodontal stress distribution and tooth displacement after apical root resection, so as to provide data support for clinicians to perform apical root surgery and improve the cure rate of apical root surgery. Methods Three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of normal maxillary central incisor with its periodontal tissues was established based on Micro CT image data. Then periapical periodontitis and apical root resection surgery were simulated. The model of periapical periodontitis and maxillary central incisor with different apical root resection length (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 mm) and their supporting tissues were established. With the occlusal force applied, the biomechanical behavior of postoperative healing teeth was studied by 3D finite element analysis. The optimal apical resection length was obtained by comparing biomechanical effects of surgical restoration. Results The completely healed model reduced the stress (by 26.8%) and displacement (by 7.3%) compared with the apical periodontitis model. With the increase of apical root resection length, the stress of the teeth neck and periodontal ligament increased by 11.14% and 29.27%, respectively, when the root resection was 8 mm. The stress of the alveolar bone increased by 83.11%. The stress of new apical root at the section increased on the whole compared with the same part of normal tooth. The displacement of the tooth along the long axis also increased. The displacement significantly increased by 18.39% when the resection length was over 5 mm. Conclusions Apical root resection significantly improves the biomechanical properties of refractory apical periodontitis tooth. The recommended resection length was 3-5 mm and the crown-to-root ratio (CRR) should be larger than 0.84.