Objective To investigate the drug resistance and genotype of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS), and to study the epidemiology of drug resistance in Staphylococcus. Methods Drug susceptibility tests were performed for 138 Staphylococcus strains clinically isolated, and mecA gene was detected with PCR. For mecA positive strains, Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) gene was detected by two multiplex PCR assays. Results Seven (10.8%) out of 65 Staphylococcus aureus strains were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, and 44 (60.3%) out of 73 coagulase negative Staphylococcus strains were methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS)strains. There was statistical significance on the difference of isolation rates (x2 = 37. 05, P ＜0.01). No vancomycin or nitrofurantoin resistant strain was found. There were 52 (52/138, 37.7%) mecA positive strains, including 16 SCCmec type Ⅰ strains, 1 type Ⅱ strain, 13 type Ⅲ strains, 9 type Ⅳ strains and 4 type Ⅴ strains. Conclusions Drug resistance in MRS is increasingly serious. MRCNS strains are more popular than MRSA in clinic, and SCCmec Ⅰ and Ⅲ may account for most infections.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the renal protective effects of sulodexide and its anti-oxidative stress mechanism in diabetic rats.

METHODThirty male SD rats were randomized into 3 equal groups, namely the control group, diabetic group, and sulodexide treatment group. Twelve weeks after establishment of rat diabetic models and administration of sulodexide, the rats were sacrificed for measurement of the urine volume, body mass, kidney mass/body weight ratio, plasma glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities in the renal tissue or serum were tested. Electron microscopy was performed to observe the pathological changes in the kidneys.

RESULTSThe urine volume, renal mass/body mass ratio, serum glucose, HbA1C, and serum and renal MDA levels all significantly increased in the diabetic rats in comparison with the normal controls (P<0.05). But the body weight and activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX in the renal tissue in the normal control group were significantly higher than those in the diabetic and sulodexide group. After 12 weeks of sulodexide treatment, SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX activities in the renal tissue of rats were significantly increased in comparison with those in the diabetic rats (P<0.05). Electron microscopy showed obvious irregular thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane in the diabetic group with vacuolization in the mitochondria in the epithelial cells, and such pathological changes were significantly alleviated in the sulodexide treatment group.

CONCLUSIONSSulodexide can effectively lower the urinary albumin excretion rate, improve the ultrastructural renal pathologies and prevent glomerular basement membrane thickening in diabetic rats, probably in association with the reduction of the MDA levels and enhancement of SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX activities.

Animals ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Catalase ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Glycosaminoglycans ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Kidney ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Organ Size ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism