Objective:To confirm the relative humidity conditions of preparation of Hericium Erinaceus and Lumbricus ( HD) bio-transformation and the longest operation time under the conditions through the study on hygroscopicity of dry extract powder. Methods:The solution was prepared respectively in the environment with various humidity, and the moisture absorption rate and critical relative humidity ( CRH) of dry extract powder of HD biotransformation were measured, and then the mathematical model was built and the curves of moisture percentage vs relative humidity was drawn. The parameters of moisture absorption rate, and the relative humidity and operation time with the moisture percentage up to 5% were calculated. The analytic geometry and linear regression method were used to calculate CRH, so as to determine the air humidity control range and the conditions for the production and storage process. Results:The moisture absorption of HD dry extract powder could reach 5% when exposed to the air respectively with the relative humidity of 66. 0%, 80. 8%, 88. 2% and 99. 0% for 7. 088, 3. 953, 2. 892 and 0. 661 h. When the moisture percentage reached 5%, the rela-tive humidity and the shortest time was 50. 84% and 9. 937 h, respectively. The CRH of the dry extract powder of HD biotransforma-tion was 68. 12%. Conclusion:When the dry extract powder of HD biotransformation is under preparation, the relative humidity of en-vironment should be controlled below 50. 84% with the operation time shorter than 9. 937 h, or the relative humidity is controlled below 68. 12% with the operation time shorter than 6. 810 h. Under the above conditions, the moisture absorption rate of HD dry extract pow-der can be controlled below 5%, which does not affect the preparation.

Objective To survey the resistance profile of clinical isolates to antibiotics across the hospitals in Dongguan,Guangdong Province during 2015.Methods Kirby-Bauer method or automated system was used to test the susceptibility of clinical isolates to selected antimicrobial agents.Results were analyzed according to CLSI 2015 breakpoints.The susceptibility data were analyzed using WHONET 5.6 software.Results A total of 29 665 strains of microorganisms were isolated,of which gram positive cocci accounted for 32.1％ (9 509/29 665) and gram negative bacilli accounted for 67.9％ (20 156/29 665),respectively.The prevalence of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus was 23.3％ (705/3 024) in S.aureus and 43.6％ (1 054/2 419) in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcal strain was found.ESBLs-producing strains accounted for 36.4％ (2 554/7 020) in E.coli and 24.5％(792/3 227) in Klebsiella isolates.The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was 0.2％ (30/13 077).The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) was 16.0％ (500/3 116) and 53.9％ (827/1 533),respectively.The prevalence of penicillin-resistant S.pneumoniae (PRSP) strains was 10.1％ (142/1 404).Beta-lactamase was produced in 30.6％ (276/902) of the H.influenzae strains.The prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) strains was 0.7％ (10/1 441).Conclusions Periodic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is valuable for rational antimicrobial therapy,formulation of treatment guidelines and infection control and prevention measures,as well as preventing the spread of drug-resistant strains.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the pre-conception factors for intrauterine growth retardation. METHODS: A nested case-control study was conducted in a cohort of 1368 women from 14 Child and Maternity Health Care Departments by cluster sampling method in Liuyang City, Hunan Province. Following-up until delivery, we collected their medical records and maternal health care manual materials. All neonates with intrauterine growth retardation were detected in the follow-up (the case group) and another 186 neonates without intrauterine growth retardation, matched with gender and mother's age, were randomly selected from the cohort as controls. χ2 test and multiple conditional logistic regression were used to investigate the determinants of intrauterine growth retardation. RESULTS: Intrauterine growth retardation was associated with BMI (OR=64.775), waist circumference (OR=0.166), abortion (OR=6.997), level of total cholesterol (OR=0.045), folic acid (OR=0.077), and cortisol (OR=9.164). CONCLUSION Intrauterine growth retardation is associated with BMI, waist circumference, abortion,level of total cholesterol, folic acid, and cortisol. Effective measures to reduce intrauterine growth retardation in children include strengthening the detection of pre-pregnancy blood biochemical indicators to guide health care during pregnancy, and increasing nutrition during pregnancy according to pre-pregnancy BMI and waist circumference.
Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and risk factors of postpartum hemorrhage in Liuyang City, Hunan Province. METHODS: This was a nested case-control study. A total of 14 townships were randomly selected by cluster random sampling method from 37 townships in Liuyang City, Hunan Province. All women who got pregnant and childbirth from January 2010 to December 2011 in the above 14 townships were selected and followed up at first-trimester, second trimester, third trimester and each delivery period. Data were collected directly from maternal care manuals and the clinical records from the subjects' delivery hospitals. These whose postpartum bleeding was more than 500 mL were selected as cases, and the same amounts of normal maternal in the same cohort study whose postpartum bleeding was less than 500 mL were selected as controls. χ2 test and unconditional logistic regression analysis were applied to identify the determinants. RESULTS: A total of 5 933 women were included in our study. The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage was 2.22%. Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage mainly included anemia (OR=3.940, 95% CI: 2.100-7.389), scarred uterus (OR=2.730, 95% CI: 1.198-6.220), placenta previa (OR=10.665, 95% CI: 1.142-99.566), placental factors (OR=4.332, 95% CI: 1.004-18.692), and prolonged pregnancy (OR=5.899, 95% CI: 2.602-13.376). CONCLUSION Postpartum hemorrhage is caused by complicated factors. Comprehensive measures should be taken to reduce postpartum hemorrhage.
Case-Control Studies ; China ; Cohort Studies ; Delivery, Obstetric ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Postpartum Hemorrhage ; epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the benefit and cost of increasing the coverage of cervical cancer screening. METHODS: Using an eleven year conventional screening data (universal strategy) and a representative population sample (expanding strategy) to analyze the health and economic impact. RESULTS: The screening coverage for all 30-59 women in Liuyang was increased from 7.20% to 66.67%. Early detection cases were increased from 20 to 45, and life years saved in one screening term increased from 103.46 years to 925.83 years with expanding strategy as compared with the conventional strategy. The incremental cost per life year saved was 6 917.07 Yuan. The benefit/cost ratio was 1.80:1 at the screening coverage of 66.67%, which was higher than that of the conventional strategy (1.40:1). Both strategies were cost-effective. CONCLUSION With various uncertainties and data limitations, expanding screening coverage is more effective than conventional strategy, and more benefit is obtained when the number of early detection cases increases.
Adult ; China ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; economics ; Middle Aged ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Vaginal Smears

Objective To explore the effects of the Blackboard platform in "Fundamentals of Nursing" teaching and students' actual experience after using the Blackboard platform.Methods A historical control study was conducted in College of Nursing of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from September 2015 to January 2016. In experimental group, 121 undergraduate nursing students of grade 2013 were taught by the combination of traditional classroom teaching and Blackboard platform. In control group, 130 undergraduate nursing students of grade 2012 were applied with traditional classroom teaching. After the course, examinations were performed to assess the theoretical knowledge and operational skills; and the self-made questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were conducted to evaluate the effects of the Blackboard platform in experimental group.ResultsThe theory examination scores of the experimental group was (76.74±8.68) while the control group was (73.09±8.11), there was a statistically significant difference between two groups (t=-3.44,P<0.05). The skill scores of experimental group and control group were 92.00 (90.00,93.00) and 92.00 (89.00,93.00) respectively. No significant difference in skill scores was observed between two groups (Z=0.41,P>0.05). Nursing students in experimental group had a high degree of satisfaction with the Blackboard platform. More than 90% nursing students considered that application of the Blackboard platform in "Fundamentals of Nursing" could arouse their enthusiasm of learning (90.68%), help them to better grasp the classroom learning content (95.76%) and improve the teaching effect (97.46%). Semi-structured interview results indicated that the nursing students believed that Blackboard platform were helpful to their learning, and made it more convenient to interact with teachers.Conclusions The teaching practice of "Fundamentals of Nursing" based on Blackboard platform can arouse nursing students' learning interest. The teaching model has achieved good effects in both learning and teaching. Nursing students are satisfied with the model. It is necessary to update and improve the Blackboard platform teaching model in time.

Objective? To explore how to apply best practice guideline in teaching and the initial effects. Methods? After deeply investigating courses, this study selected best practice guideline by combining with existing problems in teaching. Combined with the first-level and second-level class, a careful design scheme was conducted by each course groups and multiple rounds of project argumentation. After determining the program and teaching resources, each guideline application course group began to fully implement according to their own program. Results? The best practice guidelines were successfully applied in 7 courses through various teaching forms including situation simulation, flipped classroom, case teaching as well as role playing which played an positive role in teaching content, teaching design and teaching evaluation. Conclusions? In the whole process of implementation, teachers and students feel that the application of best practice guideline in nursing teaching is helpful to expand the frontier content of teaching, establish the evidence-based concept of teachers and students and initially cultivate critical thinking. It also plays a positive role in arousing the enthusiasm of nursing students and the comprehensive application of the knowledge they have learned. It makes evaluation methods flexible and diversified and is also beneficial to the real and objective response to the learning effect of nursing students.

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical isolates in Dongguan Tungwah Hospital during 2016.Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carded out for the clinical isolates collected from Dongguan Tungwah Hospital according to a unified protocol using Kirby-Bauer method or automated systems.Result were analyzed according to CLSI 2016 breakpoints.Results Of the 3 482 clinical isolates,gram positive cocci and gram negative bacilli accounted for 34.4％ (1 199/3 482) and 65.6％ (2 283/3 482),respectively.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains was in 28.7％ (86/300) in S.aureus and 77.7％ (300/386) in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates.No staphylococcal strains were found resistant to vancomycin or linezolid.Overall,one E.faecium strain was identified as resistant to vancomycin by instrument method and confirmed by vancomycin E test.The prevalence of ESBLs-producing strains was 59.6％ (337/565) in E.coli and 29.8％ (115/386) in Klebsiella spp.(K.pneumoniae and K.oxytoca).Enterobacteriaceae strains were still highly susceptible to carbapenems.Overall,0.4％ and 0.2％ of the Enterobacteriaceae strains were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively.About 38.3％ and 36.9％ of Acinetobacter strains were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively.Conclusions Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is most important and valuable for understanding the changing resistant pattern in local hospital and rational selection of antimicrobial agents.More attention should be paid to surveillance of antimicrobial resistance to avoid the spread of drug resistant strains.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate pregnancy complications and related determinants, and provide scientific evidence for maternal health care. METHODS: A total of 13669 pregnant women who planned to deliver in the hospital were randomly identified and surveyed by questionnaire. Chi-square test and logistic regression models were used to screen the influencing factors for pregnancy complications. RESULTS: The incidence of pregnancy complication was 13.94%. The following diseases had higher incidence than others: anemia (2.95%), premature rupture of membranes (2.51%), diabetes (1.92%), severe preeclampsia (1.43%), mild preeclampsia (1.27%), and hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (1.27%). Data from logistic regression models showed that pregnancy complications were related to maternal age, education level, number of caesarean sections, ways to terminate pregnancy, gestation weeks and number of fetuses. CONCLUSION The rate of pregnant complication is high, which should be treated in time to ensure the safety of pregnant women.
Anemia ; Cesarean Section ; Diabetes, Gestational ; Female ; Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence and to discuss the risk factors of premature birth in rural areas of Liuyang. METHODS: We collected subjects from villages and towns in Liuyang through cluster sampling method. Before enrolling in this cohort, all of them had established health records from January 2010 to December 2011. We followed up the early, middle and late stages of pregnancy until delivery, and collected medical records and maternal health care manual of this cohort as our data materials. We explored the main influence factors of premature delivery by χ2 test and unconditional logistic regression analysis for single factor and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Among 6270 women who enrolled in our cohort, 259 were diagnosed as premature birth. The incidence (4.13%) was lower than the national average level. Non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors of premature birth were as follows: OR of placental abruption was 7.678 (95% CI: 2.249-26.215), that of premature rupture of fetal membranes (PROM) was 5.177 (95% CI: 3.945-6.793), that of uterine abnormal and deformity was 2.675 (95% CI: 1.007-7.107), that of placenta anomaly was 2.633 (95% CI: 1.666-4.162), that of hypertension in pregnancy was 2.172 (95% CI: 1.044-4.521), that of pregnancy complications was 1.806 (95% CI: 1.033-3.157), that of male fetus was 1.429 (95% CI: 1.086-1.881). Protective factors of preterm birth were too frequent prenatal examination (OR=0.502, 95% CI: 1.033-3.157) and single pregnancy (OR=0.155, 95% CI: 0.075-0.319). CONCLUSION Preterm delivery is caused by complicated factors, such as placental abruption, PROM and male fetus. Comprehensive measures should be taken to reduce preterm birth.
Abruptio Placentae ; etiology ; Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture ; etiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Logistic Models ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Sampling Studies ; Young Adult