Objective This study intended to explore the relationship of the polymorphisms of phase Ⅱ metabolic genes (GSTM1 and EPHX1), smoking, alcohol drinking and their interactions on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Methods Using multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP, the genotypes of GSTM1 and EPHX1 were analyzed in 105 patients with HCC and 151 health controls in Guangxi. The state of smoking and alcohol drinking were investigated. Results The frequency of the GSTM1 null genotype in cases was 64.76% and 50.99% in controls, which was significantly different(P

Objective To summarize the experience in management of main hepatic vein injury due to hepatectomy for hepatic neoplasm of segment Ⅷ. Methods Clinical data of 64 patients suffering from main hepatic vein injury due to hepatectomy of hepatic neoplasm of segment Ⅷ in our hospital from October 1996 to October 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Both the main trunks of the middle and right hepatic vein were injured in 34 patients, single right hepatic vein in 13 and middle hepatic vein in 17. In these patients with hepatic vein injury, the main trunk of the hepatic vein was repaired in 39, vessels ligated in 12 and direct liver wound surfaces sutured in 12. The hepatectomy and hemostasis were successfully performed during operation in all patients. After operation, 3 patients had active bleeding and 2 patients were reoperated on to sew up the bleeding points by wadding with the gelatin sponge and discharged after rehabilitation. One patient gave up treatment and was discharged automatically. Conclusion Main hepatic vein injury in hepatectomy of hepatic neoplasm of segment Ⅷ can be managed effectively by hepatic vein repair, hepatic vein ligation and suture of the liver section that can be chosen to control the bleeding of hepatic vein injury according to the actual conditions.

Opioid analgesics are currently known as the best analgesics. However， toxicity and side effects such as constipation， tolerance and addiction severely limit their clinical application. With the in-depth understanding of the signal transduction mechanism of opioid receptors and the continuous advancement of drug design technology， researchers have managed to develop many promising new methods to get low-toxic and more efficient opioid analgesics， which are different from the traditional morphine skeleton structure modifications. This article focuses on three new research strategies of G-protein biased activation，“ one drug-multiple targets” and peripheral activation. The basic principles of relative separation of analgesic activity and adverse drug reaction by each strategy are introduced， and the latest research progress of representative drugs is briefly reviewed. Among them， the recently approved novel opioid analgesics oliceridine and tegileridine are G-protein biased μ-opioid receptor agonists， Cebranopadol is a typical “one drug-multiple targets” analgesic， and NFEPP is a representative drug of peripheral opioid receptor agonists. The above several strategies complement each other and provide reference for the development of new opioid analgesic drugs.

Objective: To analyze the change trend of HIV genetic subtypes and compare the first CD₄⁺T cell counts of newly diagnosed HIV infected patients in Liuzhou from 1998 to 2012, and provide a reference for AIDS prevention and control. Methods: Newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients from 1998 to 2012 in Liuzhou were selected through national HIV/ADIS comprehensive response information management system. Their plasma samples were used for RNA gene extraction, amplification, sequencing and genotyping. Coharan-Armitage trend test was used to analyze the ratio trend of genetic subtypes and phylogenetic clusters of HIV and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test was used to compare the first CD₄⁺T cell counts (CD₄) of the different subtype HIV infected patients. Results: A total of 1 877 newly diagnosed HIV infected patients were included in the study. From 1998 to 2012, the proportions of CRF01_AE and CRF01_AE (Cluster 1) increased from 78.4% (76/97) to 91.5% (1 441/1 574), from 63.9% (62/97) to 74.0% (1 164/1 574), and the proportion of CRF07_BC decreased from 17.5% (17/97) to 4.6% (72/1 574), respectively (Z=4.632, P<0.001; Z=2.455, P=0.014; Z=-5.943, P<0.001). The median and interquartile range of the first CD₄ of the patients infected with subtype CRF01_AE (Cluster 1), CRF01_AE (Cluster 2), CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC were 230 (83-375), 215 (48-351), 365 (254-503) and 334 (206-479) cell/μl, respectively. The first CD₄ levels of the patients infected with subtype CRF01_AE (Cluster 1) or CRF01_AE (Cluster 2) were significantly lower than those of CRF07_BC (Z=-4.795, P<0.001; Z=-4.238, P<0.001). Conclusion The genetic subtypes of HIV were mainly CRF01_AE in newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients and this subtype proportion was in increase and the first CD₄ levels of the patients were low in Liuzhou during 1998 to 2012.