1) We visited 4 universities in Germany, from where medical systems were once introduced to Japan as a model of modern medicine, and investigated the present conditions of medical education.2) The reform of curricula and methods of medical education has been actively performed in Germany, as it has been in Japan.

1) We visited four universities in Australia where both graduate-entry and undergraduate-entry programs are adopted.
2) Although there is not clear difference in the outcome between the two programs, preference for graduate-entry program was recognized.