Objective This article seeks to apply root cause analysis (RCA) to identify the fundamental cause of low hand hygiene compliance among medical personnel, and try to evaluate the effect of interventions. Methods Using RCA method to analyze the direct cause of hand hygiene compliance among medical personnel ,and then find out the root cause of it. It's expected that the hand hygiene compliance of medical personnel shall be improved through pro-posed interventions. Results After the intervenetions,the rate of hand hygiene compliance from 25.73% to 42.79%(P<0.01). Comparison with the actual rates of WHO five times hand washing, there were notable differences(P<0.05) in observation ofcontacting patient beforehand, contacting patient afterwards and prior to aseptic operations through three interventions. In fact, there were no differences between contacting the patients' blood and body fluids and contacting the patients'surroundings afterwards. Conclusion Using RCA methods to search for the root cause of low hand hygiene compliances among medical personnel. Through proposed interventions,hand hygiene compliances of medical personnel could be enormously improved.