Objective To explore the characteristics of childhood tuberculosis and recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease in order to improve its diagnosis and treatment. Methods Key words“child”“tuberculosis”“diagno-sis” and “treatment” were used to retrieve relevant literatures from Pubmed,Web of Science,CNKI and Wanfang databases.The literatures were reviewed and clinical experience summarized. Results Disseminated tuberculosis and extrapulmonary tubercu-losis were common in children with tuberculosis. It was difficult to collect with samples of diagnostic value for detection. There counterparts were no systematic diagnosis and treatment programs available for children with drug-resistant tuberculosis,and phar-maceutical dosage forms tailored for children were lacking. Conclusion Tuberculosis in children is more complex to diagnose and treat than in adult counterpart.Diagnosis of this disease relies on a variety of diagnostic methods.It's still challenging to control childhood tuberculosis.

SPR biosensor can inspect a lot of biochemical indexes exactly,sensitively,fast and simply.It also can inspect reciprocity of inter-molecule in real time.In 20 years,it has become a popular photoelectric technique in clinical examination.This article introduces the basic principle,structure and application of SPR biosensor in clinical examination.

[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Direct Assay (MTD) for rapid detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis rRNA and Multi-locus PCR for M.bovis BCG strain typing in patients with suspected extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods From June 2010 to December 2011,47 children and 75 adult patients with suspected extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in Shanghai public health clinical center were recruited.Also 48 non-tuberculosis patients were taken as a negative control.Clinical specimens from these patients were collected.Acid fast stain,solid culture,liquid culture,and MTD were used to detect all clinical specimens simultaneously.Screen tuberculosis strains of the culture isolates by MPT64 antigen assay and use Multi-locus PCR for the BCG strain genotyping of the isolates without MPT64 antigen.SPSS16.0 was used to analyse the results.Results The sensitivity for acid fast stain,solid culture,liquid culture and MTD test was 10.7％ (13/122),11.5％ (14/122),16.4％ (20/122) and 37.7％ (46/122),respectively.And the specificity of MTD was 100.0％.Six clinical isolates from children were identified as BCG by Multi-locus PCR typing,the same with chemical tests.Conclusions The MTD assay and the MGIT960 liquid culture are effective and reliable method for diagnosing extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.And Multi-locus PCR can be assisted for the early diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients with suspected BCG infection.

Objective To improve the diagnosis of tuberculosis ( TB) by analyzing Mycobacterium infection in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens from children with tuberculous lymphadenitis .Methods Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed on 269 children with tuberculous lymphadenitis diagnosed by Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from January 2011 to September 2013 .The needle aspiration biopsy specimens were processed for acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear test, mycobacterial culture and Mycobacterium identification ( p-nitrobenzoic acid inhibition test ) .Results Cytological diagnosis of tuberculous lymphade-nitis was made for 269 patients.The positive results by AFB smear test were detected in 63.19% of 269 specimens (n=170) and 40.15%(n=108) specimens were positive in mycobacterial culture .The differ-ence between the two tests were significant (P<0.01).The positive rate of Mycobacterium detected by using BACTEC MGIT 960 automated system and L?wenstein-Jensen culture method were 38 .66% ( n=104 ) and 28.99%(n=78), respectively, showing the significant difference between two tests (P<0.05).AFB smear test in combination with mycobacterial culture could precisely diagnose 70.63% of tuberculous lym-phadenitis in children.Of the 108 clinical isolates, 105 strains (97.2%) were Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and the rest were non-tuberculous Mycobacterium strains (2.8%).Conclusion The positive rate by AFB smear test was significantly increased in fine needle aspiration biopsy specimens after a series of treatments including sample digestion , centrifugation and precipitation , but the positive rate of mycobacterial culture was reduced .Diagnostic accuracy could be significantly improved by using BACTEC MGIT 960 sys-tem.Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was the predominant pathogenic bacterium in children with tubercu-lous lymphadenitis .

Objective To detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)and its resistance against rifampin (RIF ) by applying Xpert MTB/RIF assay in the clinical samples from patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis,and to discuss the value of this assay in extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Methods Totally 300 clinical samples from the patients who were highly suspected with extrapulmonary tuberculosis and hospitalized in Department of Tuberculosis Section,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center of Fudan University from May 2014 to May 2015 were collected.Smear and fluorescence staining microscopy,MGIT 960 BACTEC liquid culture,Xpert MTB/RIF assay were applied to detect MTB in these samples.Meanwhile,all the patients received the peripheral blood T-cell spot of tuberculosis test (T-SPOT.TB).The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay for MTB and its resistance against rifampin (RIF)in extrapulmonary tuberculosis samples were evaluated.The measurement data of two independent samples were analyzed by using t test and enumeration data were analyzed by usingχ2 test.Results Totally 282 out of 300 clinical samples from patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis were included in this study,and 62.7% were male with average age of (32.1 ±24.6 )years and 37.3%were female with average age of (37.8 ±21 .0)years.When MGIT 960 BACTEC liquid culture results were considered as standard diagnosis,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Xpert MTB/RIF assay were 53.8% (95 %CI :37.4%—69.6%),100.0% (95 %CI :86.3%—100.0%),100.0% (95 %CI :80.8%—100.0%)and 63.3% (95 %CI :48.3%—76.2%), respectively.The sensitivity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in smear-positive/culture-positive samples was 92.3% (95 %CI :62.1 %— 99.6%),while that in smear-negative/culture-positive samples was only 34.6% (95 %CI :17.9%— 55 .6%).Xpert MTB/RIF assay had advantage for detecting MTB in fine needle aspirates,pus,stool and urine,but not in serous effusion and cerebrospinal fluid.However,the sensitivities of MGIT BACTEC 960 liquid culture,fluorescence smear and T-SPOT.TB were 25 .8%, 21 .8% and 70.2%,respectively,and the specificities were 95 .5 %,90.3% and 51 .6%,respectively. The diagnostic value of Xpert MTB/RIF assay was not significantly different from those of MGIT BACTEC 960 liquid culture and fluorescence smear (χ2 =0.61 and 3.45 ,respectively;both P >0.05 ), while it was significantly different from T-SPOT.TB (χ2 =50.58,P <0.05).The sensitivity of T-SPOT. TB was significantly superior to Xpert MTB/RIF assay,but the specificity was relatively low.The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in RIF resistance detection were 71 .4% (95 %CI :30.3%—94.9%)and 100.0% (95 %CI :86.7%—100.0%),respectively.Conclusions The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in detecting MTB in fine needle aspirates,pus,stool and urine are relatively high,but not in serous effusion and cerebrospinal fluid.However,the pros of rapid detection and the ability of detecting RIF resistance are useful for the diagnose of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in clinical settings.

Objective To evaluate the risk factors associated with in-hospital death in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (HIV-TB). Methods A retrospective case-control study was performed in patients admitted to Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from November 2004 to May 2009. Fifty-three HIV-TB patients who died during hospitalization were matched with 79 HIV-TB co-infected patients who survived during hospitalization.Clinical, demographic, and radiological characteristics of the two groups were compared by the retrospective case-control study method. Multivariate Logistic stepwise regression analysis was performed to explore the risk factors contributing to death in HIV-TB co-infected patients. Results Among the 459 co-infected patients, 53 (11.5%) cases died during hospitalization and 25 cases died during the first week in hospital. Sixty-four point two percent dead patients (34/53) died from tuberculosis. Several factors were associated with worse prognosis in the death group compared to the survival group, which included body weight≤50 kg (χ2 = 7.50), positive for acid-fast bacilli in sputum smear or culture exam (χ2= 4. 04, 14. 27), drug-resistant/multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (χ2 =9.00,6.39), extra-pulmonary tuberculosis infection (χ2 =6.99), retreated tuberculosis (χ2 = 5. 92), non-standardized anti-tuberculosis treatment (χ2 = 12. 07), extensive pulmonary TB infection (lesions ≥50% of lung fields, χ2 = 20. 21), co-infection with fungi (χ2 =3.46), respiratory failure (χ2 = 4.27), non-pulmonary organ impairment (χ2 = 3.46), HIV infection longer than 5 years (χ2 = 7. 19), non-standardized highly active antiretroviral therary treatment (χ2 =5.16) and CD4+ T lymphocyte count ≤ 200 × 106/L (χ2= 12.99) (all P＜0. 05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that non-standardized anti-TB treatment, extensive pulmonary TB infection, multi-drug resistant TB infection and CD4+ T lymphocyte count ≤ 200 × 106/L were the major risk factors related to in-hospital mortality. Conclusions Non-standardized anti-TB treatment,extensive pulmonary TB infection, multi-drug resistant TB infection and CD4+ T lymphocyte count ≤200 × 106/L are the major risk factors related to in-hospital mortality in the patients co-infected with TB and HIV.

Objective To evaluate the value of enzyme-linked immunospot assay (TB ELISPOT) combined with serum latex agglutination test (LA) for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis plus pulmonary cryptococcosis.Methods Serum and biopsy specimens of 76 patients, who were suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis and/or pulmonary cryptococcosis based on clinical and imaging features, were collected from March 2006 to September 2008 in Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. TB ELISPOT assay, LA and histopathological examination were performed in all the patients. Results Histopathological and pathogenic examination confirmed pulmonary cryptococcosis in 15 cases and pulmonary tuberculosis in 22 cases, pulmonary tuberculosis plus pulmonary cryptococcosis in 8 cases. The sensitivity and specificity of TB ELISPOT were 91% and 94.4%. The sensitivity and specificity of LA were both 100%. TB ELISPOT assay and LA test were both positive in the 8 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis plus pulmonary cryptococcosis.Conclusions The value of enzyme-linked immunospot assay combined with serum latex agglutination test is high for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis plus pulmonary cryptococcosis.

H7N9 avian influenza is the latest subtype of influenza virus to emerge in the world. By April 17, 2013 in Shanghai, a total of 31 confirmed cases were reported, and 11 of these patients died. The epidemiological characteristics and the clinical progress of this new human flu infection are still not clear. Thirteen confirmed patients have now been treated in Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. Among the first batch of patients, hospitalised at the beginning of April 2013, two who were admitted with the same estimated date of onset of disease had very different outcomes. After active treatment at the Centre, one recovered by April 18, 2013, but one patient entered critical condition and died on April 11, 2013. The clinical and laboratory characteristics in hospital are here analysed and compared to learn more about H7N9 avian influenza. Confirmation that the observed differences are valuable for prognosis and treatment decisions for H7N9 patients awaits authentication by analysis of more patients.
Influenza in Birds ; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ; Communicable Diseases ; Laboratories

Objective To detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and rifampin resistance of the clinical specimens in children by Xpert MTB DNA and resistance to rifampicin (MTB/RIF) detection system,and evaluate the application value of this method in children with tuberculosis.Method Data of 109 children cases of clinically suspected tuberculosis were collected (including 46 gastric lavage aspirate,19 sputum,10 fine needle aspiration biopsy,4 pus,14 cerebrospinal fluid,11 Serous membrance fluid,1 marrow,3 stool,1 urine specimens)between April 2014 and March 2015.All specimens were detected by smear fluorescence staining microscopy,MGIT 960 BACTEC liquid culture,Xpert MTB/RIF assay and T-SPOT.TB test respectively.The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay were analyzed in those clinical specimens.Result The sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for MTB detection in childhood tuberculosis clinical specimen were 28.6％ and 87.5％.The sensitivity of 65 pulmonary tuberculosis (46 gastric lavage aspirate,19 sputum) which included gastric lavage aspirates and sputum was 33.3％ and 57.1％,the specificity of the two was 100.0％.In 44 extrapulmonary tuberculosis,the sensitivity of the pus and the puncture fluid was higher and approached 100.0％.The detection rate of the cerebrospinal fluid and serous cavity effusion was very low.The sensitivity was 100.0％ in smear-positive and culture-positive samples and only 30.8％ to 50.0％ in smear-negative and culture-positive samples.The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay to detect rifampin resistance were 100.0％.In clinical samples,the sensitivity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay was higher than that of smear fluorescence staining microscopy,but the difference was not statistically significant (X2 =0,P ＞ 0.05).The result was equivalent to that of MGIT 960 BACTEC liquid culture (28.6％ vs.27.3％,X2 =2.50,P ＞ 0.05),and far below that ofT-SPOT.TB(28.6％ vs59.7％,X2=13.92,P＜0.05).Conclusion Xpert MTB/RIF assay did not show obvious advantage in childhood tuberculosis,especially in serous cavity effusion and cerebrospinal fluid,but the advantages of detecting tuberculosis rapidly and resistance to rifampin can provide help for the clinical diagnosis and treatment in childrenhood tuberculosis.

Objective:To explore the feasibility and prognosis of prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal isolated vascular ring at 11-13 + 6 weeks. Methods:A total of 36 996 fetuses were selected to compare the results of ultrasound screening at 11-13 + 6 weeks and 20-24 weeks of pregnancy in Guangxi Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital from January 2016 to January 2020, the reasons for missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis of fetal isolated vascular ring by ultrasonography in the first trimester were summarized. Results:Thirty-five cases were diagnosed as isolated vascular ring in the first trimester, including 19 cases right aortic arch combined with aberrant left subclavian artery with "U-shaped" vascular ring, 7 cases double aortic arch with "O-shaped" vascular ring, and 9 cases aberrant right subclavian artery with "C-shaped" vascular ring. While 155 cases were diagnosed as isolated vascular ring at 20-24 weeks of pregnancy, consisting of 18 cases of combined with aberrant left subclavian artery, 9 cases of double aortic arch, 126 cases of aberrant right subclavian artery and 2 cases of pulmonary artery sling, the diagnosis coincidence rates were 94.74%, 77.78%, 7.14%, 0(Kappa value were 0.97, 0.88, 0.13, 0). For the diagnosis of right aortic arch combined with aberrant left subclavian artery, double aortic arch and aberrant right subclavian artery in the first trimester, the specificities were 99.99%, 100%, 100%, the sensitivities were 100%, 77.78%, 7.14%, the false-positive rates were 0.01%, 0, 0, the false-negative rates were 0, 22.22%, 92.86%, and the Youden′s indices were 0.99, 0.78, 0.07.Conclusions:Right aortic arch combined with aberrant left subclavian artery and double aortic arch have high coincidence rate by ultrasonography in the first trimester, while the diagnostic coincidence rate of isolated aberrant right subclavian artery was low. Ultrasound screening for isolated vascular ring in the first trimester still needs ultrasound examination in the second trimester to exclude the minor cardiac malformations that are difficult to diagnose in the first trimester.