The process mechanism and current application status of boron removal in reverse osmosis(RO)desalination were introduced.The characteristic and proper application range of eachboron removal process was summarized.Also,the running conditions of two practical desalination cases were analyzed and compared.Eventually,the future of application and the research direction of boron removal process in RO desalination were prospected.

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents from Lamium maculatum var. kansuense.

METHODThe chemical constituents were isolated and repeatedly purified on silica gel column and the structures were elucidated by the NMR spectra and physico-chemical properties.

RESULTSix compounds were obtained and identified as polypodine B (I), 5-OH-8-epiloganin (II), shlanzhiside methyl ester (III), liriodendrin (IV), quercitroside (V), uridine (VI).

CONCLUSIONCompound IV was found from genus Lamium for the first time and the rest of the compounds were found from Lamium maculatum var kansuense for the first time.

Ecdysterone ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Furans ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Lamiaceae ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Uridine ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the chemical constituents of Ligularia xanthotricha.

METHODSilica gel column chromatography and preparative TLC were employed for the isolation and purification. The structures were identified on the basis of spectral data (IR, EI-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT) and chemical evidence.

RESULTSeven compounds were isolated and identified as follows: lupeol (1), lupeol palmitate (2), 3, 28-dihydroxyl-lupeol (3), betulinic acid (4), taraxasterol (5), taraxasteryl palmitat (6) and taraxasteryl acetate(7).

CONCLUSIONAll the compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Asteraceae ; chemistry ; Chromatography, Gel ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Pentacyclic Triterpenes ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Sterols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

Objective To detect and analyze of residual ethanol in abandoned flaps after laser subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) with ethanol infiltration methods.Methods Together 20 patients (40 eyes) undergoing LASEK were recruited in the study.After infiltrated with 20％ ethanol and rinsed in equilibration solution,the corneal epithelial free flap was isolated and removed in time for sealing,and then procedures were continuously completed.Finally,observation of the skin flap production,postoperative irritation symptoms,epithelial healing,visual recovery and postoperative haze situation was performed,and then the amount of ethanol in the epithelial flap was measured.Results There was no failure in making the intact corneal flaps.The sensory score of postoperative irritation was 2.52 ± 1.46.Neonatal epithelial with 1 grade was observed in 32 eyes,2 grade in 8 eyes 5 days after surgery,while corneal haze with 0.5 grade was occurred in 3 eyes,1 grade in 2 eyes 12 weeks after surgery.There were ethanol residues in corneal epithelium in the abandoned flaps,with the amount of ethanol residues of (0.205 2 ± 0.041 0) μL in each flap.Conclusion It is found that a certain amount of ethanol residue in the corneal epithelium after LASEK with ethanol infiltration equilibration solution rinse,which may be one reason of the corneal irritation symptoms and corneal haze.

OBJECTIVETo study on the efficacy, prognosis and security of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODSTotally 72 HCC patients treated by HIFU from December 2009 to January 2011 were divided into two groups according to treatment methods: 40 cases in HIFU group, 32 cases in TACE + HIFU treatment group (combined group). Then set up a control group include 40 cases treated by only TACE in the same period (TACE group). The improvement of clinical symptoms, AFP, reduce rate of tumor volume, survival rate of 1 year after operation and postoperative complications in front and behind the treatment were analyzed.

RESULTSThere was no significant statistical difference on the improvement of clinical symptoms in all these three groups (P > 0.05) after treatment for HCC. There is no significant statistical difference also on reduce rate of tumor volume and decrease rate of AFP in both HIFU group (35.0%, 41.4%) and TACE group (37.5%, 41.9%) (χ² = 0.054, P = 0.816; χ² = 0.002, P = 0.965). Both reduce rate of tumor volume (62.5%) and decrease rate of AFP (72.0%) in combined group were better than HIFU group (χ² = 5.394, P = 0.020; χ² = 5.098, P = 0.024) and TACE group (37.5%, 41.9%) (χ² = 4.448, P = 0.035; χ² = 5.062, P = 0.024). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that there was no significant statistical difference on short-term survival rate in the 3 groups. But the long-term survival rate of combined group was better than TACE group and HIFU group.

CONCLUSIONTACE combined with HIFU is a effective, safe and noninvasive treatment method to HCC.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; therapy ; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Treatment Outcome ; Ultrasound, High-Intensity Focused, Transrectal

OBJECTIVETo screen the sensitive chemotherapeutic agents to human endometrial carcinoma cell line-1 (HECCL-1) and study its mechanism.

METHODSMTT method was used to examine the relative inhibition ratios (RIRs) of various concentrations of 18 chemotherapeutic agents to HECCL-1. Cell cycle, apoptosis and expression of MDR1 protein were detected by FCM.

RESULTSNine of the chemotherapeutic agents studied obviously inhibited the proliferative activity of HECCL-1 in a dose-dependent manner. The order of sensitivity was as follows: adriamycin (ADM), oxaliplatin (L-OHP), carboplatin (CBP), cisplatin (DDP), taxol (TAL), epirubicin (EPI), mitoxantrone (MIT), dactomycin (ACTD) and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu). FCM showed these agents could significantly reduce the proportion of cells in G0-G1 phase, and increase the proportion of cells in S and G2-M phase (P < 0.05). Cell apoptosis was observed in 11 chemotherapeutic agents at their peak concentration. MDR expression was induced after using EPI, 5-Fu, hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) and MIT.

CONCLUSIONHECCL-1 is sensitive to a number of the chemotherapeutic agents studied. Induced apoptosis may be the major mechanism of drug sensitivity, and acquired drug-resistance may be the critical reason against continued administration.

ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 ; metabolism ; Antineoplastic Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Carboplatin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Doxorubicin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Epirubicin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Female ; Fluorouracil ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Organoplatinum Compounds ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo reveal the quality variation of polysaccharide in Dendrobium officinale by post-harvest processing and extraction methods, and provide a basis for post-harvest processing and clinical and hygienical applications of Tiepifengdou (Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis).

METHODThe content of polysaccharides were studied by 4 post-harvest processing methods, i. e. drying by drying closet, drying after scalding by boiling water, drying while twisting, and drying while twisting after scalding by boiling water. And a series of temperatures were set in each processing procedure. An orthogonal test L9 (3(4)) with crushed degrees, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time and extraction times as factors were designed to analyze the dissolution rate of polysaccharides in Tiepifengdou processed by drying while twisting at 80 degrees C.

RESULTThe content of polysaccharides was ranged from 26.59% to 32.70% in different samples processed by different processing methods, among which drying while twisting at 80 degrees C and 100 degrees C respectively were the best. Crushed degree was the most important influence on the dissolution rate of polysaccharides. The dissolution rate of polysaccharides was extremely low when the sample was boiled directly without crushing and sieving.

CONCLUSIONDrying while twisting at 80 degrees C was the best post-harvest processing method, which can help to dry the fresh herbs and improve the accumulation of polysaccharides. Boiling the uncrushed Tiepifengdou for a long time as traditional method could not fully extract polysaccharides, while boiling the crushed Tiepifengdou can efficiently extract polysaccharides.

Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Dendrobium ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Desiccation ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Linear Models ; Polysaccharides ; analysis ; Temperature ; Water ; chemistry

Objective This experiment aimed to find out the feasibility of applying 3D printing technology to anato-my education. Methods We constructed 3D printed skull using a cadaveric skull as template.26 participants were recruited from Peking Union Medical College. All participants studied cranial anatomy with 3D printed skulls as teaching materials,and then assessed practicability of 3D printed skulls by subjective assessment questionnaires. Results 57% participants considered that 3D printed skulls can present defined cranial anatomical structures.More than 90% participants agreed that 3D printed models helped spatial comprehension and study of anatomy.88% par-ticipants suggested 3D printing can solve the problem of ethics.84% participants agreed to apply 3D printed models into cranial anatomy education. Conclusions The efficacy of 3D printing had been confirmed in anatomical educa-tion. Further application of 3D printing technology in medical education needs carrying out.

Objective This experiment aimed to find out the feasibility of applying 3D printing technology to anato-my education. Methods We constructed 3D printed skull using a cadaveric skull as template.26 participants were recruited from Peking Union Medical College. All participants studied cranial anatomy with 3D printed skulls as teaching materials,and then assessed practicability of 3D printed skulls by subjective assessment questionnaires. Results 57% participants considered that 3D printed skulls can present defined cranial anatomical structures.More than 90% participants agreed that 3D printed models helped spatial comprehension and study of anatomy.88% par-ticipants suggested 3D printing can solve the problem of ethics.84% participants agreed to apply 3D printed models into cranial anatomy education. Conclusions The efficacy of 3D printing had been confirmed in anatomical educa-tion. Further application of 3D printing technology in medical education needs carrying out.

Objective To analyze the determinants of malaria in Anhui province during the year of 2004-2006.Methods A GIS-based database of malaria at the township scale of Anhui province was established,using remote sensing and spatial analysis technologies.Methods on statistical analysis,principal component analysis combined with logistic regression analysis were synthetically used to analyze the association between malaria and environmental factors.Results Malaria epidemics in Anhui province during 2004-2006 mainly occurred in the northern districts of Huai River,and the epidemics had become more serious yearly.The determinants of malaria at the township scale mainly included factors as temperature,rainfall,normalized difference vegetable index and elevation.If the lowest temperature in a year,which appeared the fourth principal component of the temperature index series,increased by one unit,the probability of incidence of malaria would decrease by 33%.If the total annual rainfall,which was the first principal component of the rainfall index series,increased by one unit,the probability would decrease by 27%.If the elevation increased by 10 meters,the probability would decrease by 2%.However,the relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetable Index (NDVI) and the probability of incidence of malaria was different.If the NDVI had a one unit increase,the probability would increase 3.28 times.Conclusion The northern districts of Huai River during 2004-2006 appeared to be a new spatio-temporal cluster when reemergence of malaria epidemics had occurred in Auhui province since 2000.Terrain and physiognomy,nature and circumstances factors,such as temperature and rainfall had affected the incidence rates of malaria.Our research data from Auhui province would provide some important references to the discovery of main reasons on the reemergence of malaria epidemics since 2000,especially in the central geographic areas of China.