Physiological MR imaging techniques provide abundant information for the diagnosis and research of knee cartilage le -sions.It can not only evaluate the morphology and structure of cartilage , but also analyze the functional , metabolic and biochemical changes quantitatively , to explore the causes of cartilage lesions at the molecular level .Application and advance of physiological MR imaging of knee articular cartilage are reviewed , including sodium imaging , delayed gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage, T1ρ, T2 mapping, chemical exchange saturation transfer , diffusion imaging and so on, aiming at providing references for choosing MR imaging of knee articular cartilage .

The academic thoughts of WU Pei-heng originate from the theory of emphasizing yang in Inner Canon of Huangdi and warming and assisting yang theory in Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases,which inherits and develops the theorectical essence of ZHENG Qin-an.The core of WU Pei-heng’s academic thoughts is the importance of yang-qi in human body.In his opinion,yang-qi is the essence of human,warming yang is the basic principle and treatment in clinic,large dose of aconite root should be used to saving critical patient.In addition,two cases treated by warming yang method are recorded to verify the practicability of WU Pei-heng’s thoughts.

Two cases of left atrial myxoma were reported and the clinical data of 58 cases in Chinese literature were reviewed with the emphasis to find the characteristics of this disease on x-ray plain films and in the clinical features. The criteria to differentiate this condition from rheumatic mitral stenosis were listed. It is suggested that the diagnosis of left atrial myxoma be considered when the x-ray features of a clinically suspected case of mitral stenosis are not typical and then echocardiography be performed to investigate the case further.

On a left lateral chest radiogram,3 points are determined:A is the apex of the sternal angle formed by the manubrium and the body of the sternum,B is the highest point of the contact surface between the anterio-superior heart border and the anterior chest wall,and C is the apex of the anterior costophrenic angle.The distances of AC and BC are measured.The ratio of BC:AC is considered as an index of the size of the right ventricle.On the basis of measuring 120 normal subjects,0.54(0.46?0.04) is employed as the upper limit of normal values.Left lateral chest radiogram is easy to take.The measuring procedure is simple.The results of this measurement proves to be valuable after the method has been applied clinically.In the evaluation of the size of the right ventricle,this new digital index is helpful in the analysis of serial radiograms.This measurement makes left lateral chest radiogram more useful in detecting cardiac abnormalities.

Objective To evaluate the health effects of ambient air pollution on the respiratory systems of school children and screen the risk factors associated with respiratory diseases in order to propose air pollution control measures and to protect susceptible population. Methods The air pollution monitoring data were obtained from the local environmental protection bureau. Six thousand elementary school pupils (grade 1 and grade 6, half girls and half boys) were selected from light and heavy air pollution areas. Respiratory health states were assessed by investigation of the children's respiratory symptoms and diseases using a parent-completed questionnaire. The results were analyzed by non-conditional logistic regression analysis to calculate ORs of respiratory symptoms and diseases and 95% confidence intervals, after adjustment for air pollution levels, age, sex, indoor coal-burning, parents' smoking, ventilation and parents' respiratory disease history. Results TSP in lightly and heavily air-polluted areas were 0.59 mg/m3 and 1.02 mg/m3 respectively (P

Experimental studies indicated that the killing process of schistosomes induced by praziquantel comprises two aspects, i.e. the direct effect of praziquantel on schistosomes and the host immune reaction. The former one appears in stimulation of worm activity, spasmodic contraction of worm musculatures and severe damage to the tegument, which results in hepatic shift of schistosomes, influence on the nutrition absorption, excretion/secretion and defense function of the tegument, followed by the secondary interference with the worm metabolism. While the latter one involves the destruction of the host concomitant immune mechanism after tegumental damage and peeling, which is unfavorable for worm survival. Particularly, the exposure of the worm surface antigen provides a target which can be attacked by specific antibodies. Therefore, the antischistosomal activity of praziquantel is immune-dependent. In this paper some host factors involved in the killing process of schistosomes induced by praziquantel were summarized.

Easily confusable seed of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge ) Hu and Hovenia acerba Lindl., Allium tuberosum Rottl .ex spreng. and A. fistulosum; Sinapis alba L. and Brassica campestris L. were examined under scanning electron microscope. Results s howed that: 1. )irregular nests were present on the surface of semen Z. jujuba var. spinosa, while papillae appeared on the surface of senen H.acerba Lindl; 2. ) Cells of seed coat of semen A. tuberosum were irregularly shaped or polygonic with protruding cutin on its peridium, while that of Semen A. fistulcsum were polygonic with connecting fibers between cells; 3. ) cells of semen S.alba L. were similarily polygonic, with thick and protruding vertical perine,while that of semen B. campestris L. were also polygonic, but its vertical perine were thiner and less protruding, its peridium shrinked in side and was covered with cutinous nets veins.

The academic thinking of WU Pei-heng derived from the theory of thinking highly of yang-qi in Inner Canon of Huangdi and the theory of waming yang to support vital qi in Treatise on Febrile Diseases. He considered that the yang-qi was the essence of the life, warming yang and assisting yang was the core of his academic thinking. He was good at using Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata with hige dosage. The 4 cases in this article proved the science and practicality of warming yang and assisting yang.

The afferent projections to the head of the caudate nucleus of rat from subcortical nuclei were studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Experiment were carried out in a series of adult rat. Under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia, 0.2～0.5,?l of 50% solution of HRP was injected slowly into the head of the caudate nucleus of the rat. according to the stereotaxic atlas by Massopust, Jr. After a survival time of 6～72 h, the animals were perfused with fixative solution (1.25% glutaraldehyde and 2.0% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer, at pH 7.4). The brain was removed and then postfixed in same fixative at 4℃ for 6～18h. The frozen sections were incubated in a medium containing 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride and hydrogen peroxide. The sections were examined microscopically under both bright-field and dark-field illumination. Labelled neurons were found ipsilaterally in the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus and substantia nigra of the midbrain. They were also found in the dorsal nucleus of the midbrain raphe, mainly ipsilaterally, scantily contralaterally. Statistical examination showed as follows: The substantia nigra of the midbrain has the most labelled neurons, the dorsal nucleus of the midbrain raphe has the least labelled neurons, while the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus has moderate number of labelled neurons. The afferent projections to the head of the caudate nucleus of the rat from the subcortical nuclei may play the role in the mechanism of pain and pain control.

More than 40 institutions have set up the specialty of medical law in order to train inter-disciplinary talents of medical law.Many scholars undertook extensive research aiming at strengthening and developing this new specialty,but many problems still existed in its teaching and the quality of the graduates was been questioned.Through in-depth analysis of the existing research,we pointed out three problems of the current research:being subjective and lacking data support; confining to the ivory tower and lacking contact with the social; limiting to scholars and teachers and lacking retrospective thinking and critique from postgraduates.