A retrospective clinicopathologic review of 174 eyeball specimens which were enucleated following intra-ocular surgery was made. It was found that there were 7 cases of sympathetic ophthalmia (SO), of which 4 cases were associated with lens-induced ophthalmitis (LIO). The shortest latent period of SO in this series was 2 weeks. Pathologically, there was an unclosed eyeball caused by a poorly healed incision with incarceration of uvea tissue, besides the characteristics of SO. The results suggest that the poor healing of the incision made in intra-ocular surgery may be strongly correlated with SO.

OBJECTIVE For the reasonable use of antibacterial drugs, drug resisitance diversity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied in our hospital. METHODS Antibacterial activity to all P. aeruginosa collected in four years from 2004 to 2007 were determined by K-B test, and data were analyzed by WHONET software. RESULTS The resistance rate to ampicllin, cefazolin and cefoteton were 100.0%, but low to ceftrazidime, cefoperazone and cefoperazone/sulbactam(3.2% in 2007). The resistance rate to levofloxacin increased year by year, while that to ciprofloxacin descreased from 15.6% to 9.6%.The resistance rate to gentamicin and amikacin descreased from 20.0% to 16.4%,and from 11.1% to 4.8%, respectively. The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem accounted for about 10.0%, which was as same as ceftazidine. CONCLUSIONS The resistance of P. aeruginosa in our hospital is stable. Clinician should choose right antibacterial drugs on the basis of the test for antibacterial sensitivity and the pharmacological characteristis to improve curative effect and decrease the resistance of bacteria.

Objective evaluate the role of vagus nerve?muscarinic cholinergic receptor ( M recep?tor) pathway in mitigation of myocardial ischemia?reperfusion (I∕R) injury by intrathecal morphine postcon?ditioning in rats. Methods Seventy adult male Sprague?Dawley rats in which intrathecal catheters were suc?cessfully placed without complications, weighing 250-350 g, were randomly assigned into 7 groups ( n=10 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (Sham group), I∕R group, intrathecal morphine postconditioning group ( MP group) , vagal transection ( VT) group, VT+ intrathecal morphine postcondi?tioning group (VT+MP group), atropine (ATP, M receptor antagonist) + morphine postconditioning group ( ATP+MP group) , and ATP group. Myocardial I∕R was produced by occlusion of the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery for 30 min followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Morphine ( 3μg∕kg, 10μl) was in?trathecally infused over 5 min starting from onset of reperfusion in MP group. Normal saline 10 μl was in?trathecally infused over 5 min starting from onset of reperfusion in NS group. The bilateral vagus nerves were transected at 10 min before reperfusion in VT+MP group. Atropine ( 0?1 mg∕kg, 0?5 ml) was intravenously infused over 5 min starting from 10 min before reperfusion in ATP+MP group. The occurrence of cardiac ar? rhythmia ( premature ventricular contractions ( PVCs) and ventricular tachycardia ( VT)∕ventricular fibrilla?tion ( VF) ) within the first 30 min of reperfusion was recorded. The rats were sacrificed at 120 min of reper?fusion, and myocardial specimens were obtained for determination of myocardial infarct size ( IS) as a per?centage of area at risk (AAR). IS∕AAR ratio was calculated. Results Compared with Sham group, the number of PVCs and VT∕VF and IS∕AAR ratio were significantly increased in the other groups. Compared with I∕R group, the number of PVCs and VT∕VF and IS∕AAR ratio were significantly decreased in MP group. Compared with MP group, the number of PVCs and VT∕VF and IS∕AAR ratio were significantly in?creased in VT+MP and ATP+MP groups. Conclusion Vagus nerve?M receptor pathway is involved in miti?gation of myocardial I∕R injury by intrathecal morphine postconditioning in rats.

Objective To investigate the effect of intrathecal morphine preconditioning (ITMP) on the excitability of substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R).Methods Thirty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-300 g,in which intrathecal catheters were successfully placed without complications,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),group I/R,and group ITMP.Myocardial I/R injury was produced by occlusion of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion.In group ITMP,the rats received intrathecal morphine 3 μg/kg (10 μl) by three cycles of 5 min infusions interspersed with 5 min infusion-free periods starting from 30 min before ischemia,and the equal volume of normal saline was given instead of morphine in group I/R.At 10 min of reperfusion,6 rats randomly selected in each group were sacrificed,and the T2-6 segments of the spinal cords were acutely isolated to prepare spinal cord slices.The resting potential,threshold of action potential (APT),peak of action potential (APP) and action potential duration in SG neurons in the dorsal horn of spinal cord slices were determined using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique,and the number of action potentials evoked by currents of 40,60,80 and 100 pA was recorded.At 120 min of reperfusion,6 rats randomly selected in each group were sacrificed,and myocardial specimens were obtained for determination of myocardial infarct size (IS) and area at risk (AAR),and IS/AAR ratio was calculated.The expression of c-fos in the T2-5 dorsal horns of the spinal cords was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with group S,the IS/AAR ratio was significantly increased,the expression of c-fos was up-regulated,the number of action potentials in SG neurons in dorsal horns of spinal cord was increased,APT was decreased,and APP was increased in group I/R (P＜0.05).Compared with group I/R,the IS/AAR ratio was significantly decreased,the expression of c-fos was down-regulated,the number of action potentials in SG neurons in dorsal horns of spinal cord was decreased,APT was increased,and APP was decreased in group ITMP (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which ITMP attenuates myocardial I/R injury is related to decrease in the excitability of SG neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and reduction of responses to nociceptive stimuli in rats.

Objective:To investigate the expression of C-X-C chemokine ligand-14 (CXCL14) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EG-FR) in human gastric cancer and to analyze the relationship of CXCL14 with clinicopathological features. Methods:The expression of CXCL14 and EGFR was detected by Immunohistochemical SP method in 121 cases of gastric cancer tissue, 62 cases of the adjacent non-tumor gastric mucosa, and 60 cases of allogeneic non-tumor gastric mucosa. Results:The positive rates of CXCL14 and EGFR expres-sion were 80.17%and 48.76%in gastric cancer, respectively, and both were significantly higher in the adjacent non-tumor gastric mu-cosa and allogeneic non-tumor gastric mucosa. The differences were significant (P<0.01). Overexpression of CXCL14 was closely corre-lated with the depth of cancer invasion, differentiation, and clinical stage, and the differences were significant (P<0.05). Overexpres-sion of EGFR was correlated with cancer differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage. The differences were significant (P<0.05). Based on the Spearman correlation analysis, the expression of CXCL14 and EGFR in gastric cancer was positively correlated (rs=0.195, P<0.05). Conclusion:Abnormal CXCL14 expression in gastric cancer may be associated with the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. CXCL14 expression is positively correlated with EGFR expression, suggesting that the two have a synergistic effect in gas-tric cancer development.

Objective To investigate the effect of intrathecal morphine preconditioning on the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R).Methods Thirty healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in which intrathecal catheters were successfully placed without complications,weighing 250-350 g,were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =6 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (S group),I/R group,intrathecal morphine preconditioning group (ITMP group),μ receptor antagonist CTOP + intrathecal morphine preconditioning group (CTOP + ITMP group),and CTOP control group (CTOP group).Myocardial ischemia was induced by 30 min of occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery followed by 120 min of reperfusion in all the groups except S group.Intrathecal morphine preconditioning was produced by 3 cycles of 5 min intrathecal injection of morphine 3 μg/kg (10 μl) at 5 min intervals within 30 min before ischemia in ITMP group.In CTOP+ITMP and CTOP groups,1 μg/μ1 CTOP 10 μl was injected intrathecally at 10 min before morphine preconditioning and 40 min before ischemia,respectively.At 120 min of reperfusion,the rats were sacrificed,and myocardial specimens were obtained for determination of myocardial infarct size,and DRGs were removed for determination of the expression of NGF by using immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Results Compared with S group,the myocardial infarct size was significantly increased,and the expression of NGF in DRGs was significantly up-regulated in I/R group (P＜0.05).Compared with I/R group,the myocardial infarct size was significantly decreased,and the expression of NGF in DRGs was significantly down-regulated in ITMP group (P＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in CTOP group (P＞0.05).Compared with ITMP group,the myocardial infarct size was significantly increased,and the expression of NGF in DRGs was significantly up-regulated in CTOP+ITMP and CTOP groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which intrathecal morphine preconditioning reduces myocardial I/R injury is related to activation of spinal μ receptors,inhibition of NGF expression in DRGs,and reduction of responses to noxious stimulation in the rats.

Objective To investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signaling pathway in reduction of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by morphine preconditioning in the rats with chronic heart failure in vitro.Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-230 g,aged 6-7 weeks,in which doxorubicin 2 mg/kg was injected via the tail vein once a week for 6 consecutive weeks to induce chronic heart failure,were studied.At the end of 8th week,30 rats with chronic heart failure were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =6 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group Sham),I/R group,morphine preconditioning group (group MPC),SB203580 (p38MAPK inhibitor) + morphine preconditioning group (group SBM),and SB203580 group (group SB).The hearts were quickly excised and passively perfused in a Langendorff apparatus and subjected to 30 min of occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery followed by 120 min of reperfusion to establish the model of myocardial I/R injury.After equilibration,the hearts were subjected to 3 cycles of 5 min perfusion with K-H solution containing morphine 1 μmol/L at 5-min intervals before ischemia in group MPC.In group SBM,the hearts were perfused with K-H solution containing SB203580 (5 μmol/L) for 45 min starting from l0 min before morphine preconditioning until 5 min of ischemia.In group SB,morphine preconditioning was not performed,and the hearts were only perfused with K-H solution containing SB203580 (5 μmol/L) starting from 40 min before ischemia until 5 min of ischemia.At 15 min of equilibration (baseline),5 and 10 min of reperfusion,the coronary effluent was collected to detect the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) using the chemical colorimetry.At 10 min of reperfusion,the expression of phosphor-p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK) in the myocardium was determined by Western blot in Sham,I/R and MPC groups.At 120 min of reperfusion,the area at risk (AAR),total areas of right and left ventricles (LV+RV),and infarct size (IS) were measured,and the IS/AAR ratio was calculated.Results Compared with group Sham,the LDH activity in coronary effluent during reperfusion and IS/AAR ratio were significantly increased in the other groups,and the expression of p-p38MAPK was significantly up-regulated in I/R and MPC groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group I/R,the LDH activity in coronary effluent during reperfusion was significantly decreased,the expression of p-p38MAPK was significantly up-regulated,and the IS and IS/AAR ratio were significantly decreased in group MPC (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the LDH activity in coronary effluent,IS and IS/AAR ratio in SBM and SB groups (P＞0.05).Compared with group MPC,the LDH activity in coronary effluent during reperfusion was significantly increased,and the IS and IS/AAR ratio were significantly increased in group SBM (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which morphine preconditioning reduces myocardial I/R injury is related to activation of p38MAPK signaling pathway in the rats with chronic heart failure in vitro.

The histopathological changs of the dog eyes caused by acute and subacute toxic effectsof hematoporphyrin monoether--PsD-044 were observed in this research. The results showed thatPsD-044 could lead to keratoscleritis and scleral perivasculitis. Phototoxic cyclitis and inflammatory edema of the retina were more serious in deferred killed animals, suggesting that it is necessary to avoid exposure to light after the administration of PsD-044.

Objective To evaluate five detection methods for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection in the hospitals of USA, and explore a sensitive, specific, accuracy and rapid regimen for the early diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Methods A total of 174 stool specimens submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory for Clostridium difficile testing were separately tested by five methods including toxigenic culture (TGC), Premier Toxin A&B EIA( A/B-EIA), C. Diff Quick Chek Complete( DEIA), BD G eneOhm Cdiff assay(BD-PCR) and Laboratory-developed PCR(LD-PCR). The gold standard of TGC was used as a reference criterion, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value ( PPV )and negative predictive value (NPV) of A/B-EIA, D-EIA, BD-PCR and LD-PCR assays were determined. Results Among the 174 specimens studied, 24 were defined as true positives for Clostridium difficile infection by TGC assay, giving a positive rate of 13.8% (24/174). In comparison to the standard,the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 62.5%, 99.3%, 93.8% and 94.3% for A/B-EIA;66.7%, 98.7%, 88.9% and 94.9% for D-EIA; 83.3%, 98.7%, 90.9% and 97.4% for BD-PCR;79.2%, 93.3%, 65.5% and 96.6% for LD-PCR. Among all tested specimens, 34 were positive by atleast one of five methods, and of which 15 were concordant by all five methods. The D-EIA results were divided into three groups depending on results of GDH and (or) toxins A/B: 18 were positive for both GDH and toxins A/B, 23 were positive for only GDH, and 133 were negative for both GDH and toxins A/B. Of 18 positive specimens by D-EIA assay, all were concordant with results of BD-PCR assay and 16 were agreement with results of TGC assay. Twenty-two of 24 positive specimens by TGC assay were included in 41 specimens that were positive for GDH. Among eight false negative specimens by D-EIA assay, four were differentiated as positive results by BD-PCR. According to the present study, the sensitivity, specificity,PPV and NPV of a two-step detection algorithm in combination with D-EIA and BD-PCR assays were 83.3%, 98.7%, 90.9% and 97.4%, respectively. Conclusions From the point of technological evaluation, BD-PCR is preferable. A two-step detection algorithm combining D-EIA with BD-PCR is proposed for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. This algorithm has demonstrated an excellent sensitivity and specificity, as well as decreased test turnaround time and test cost.

Objective To investigate microRNAs ( miRNAs) expression profiling of cardiomyocytes in rats with heart failure, and predict miRNAs-regulated target genes and their functions.Methods Total of 18 male SD rats weighing 200-220 g were randomly divided into 2 groups:the control group ( CON) and the heart failure group (HF).The rats in HF group were injected by adriamycin via tail vein to induce heart failure, meanwhile in CON group, rats were received an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride intravenously.The cardiomyocytes isolated from the rat hearts in two groups and cultured overnight.After that, total RNA was extracted and then subjected to miRNA microarray to screen differentially expressed miRNAs.The reults of microarray were further verified by quantitative real-time PCR ( qRT-PCR ) .The target genes regulated by differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted by the software of Targetscan and miRanda.Bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict the miRNAs-regulated target genes and analyze the enriched gene ontology ( GO) and signaling pathway ( KEGG Pathway) .Results The results of miRNA microarray showed that a total of 37 miRNAs were differentially expressed in HF group as compared to CON group, among which 22 miRNAs were up-regulated and 15 miRNAs were down-regulated (P<0.01, FDR<0.05).The expression of miR-133b-5p (t=14.56, P<0.01), miR-6216 (t=9.32, P<0.01) and let-7e-5p (t=13.92, P<0.01) which were detected by qRT-PCR exhibited the similar tendency of up or down regulation to those shown in microarray results.Bioinformatics analysis indicated that miRNAs-regulated target genes were significantly enriched in 31 GOs (P<0.01, FDR<0.05) and 12 signal pathways (P<0.05, FDR<0.05), among which ubiquitin-proteasome system, MAPK signaling pathway and Toll like siganling pathway exhibited a higher enrichment. Conclusion MiRNA expression profile on cardiomyocytes in rat with adriamycin-induced heart failure was significantly changed.These differentially expressed miRNAs might participate in the process of heart failing by regulating their target genes in rat cardiomyocytes.