Objective To study the effects of ultrafiltration process on activating blood and removing blood stasis efficacy ofShentong Zhuyu Decoction; To investigate the feasibility of applying ultrafiltration technology in purifying Shentong Zhuyu Decoction.Methods The mice micro artery and vein diameter, clotting time and opening capillary of auricle microcirculation of mice were used as indexes to observe the effects of different ultrafiltration process on activating blood and removing blood stasis efficacy ofShentong Zhuyu Decoction.ResultsShentong Zhuyu Decoction showed satisfying efficacy of activating blood and removing blood stasis. There was no significant difference between the non-ultrafiltration process and ultrafiltration processed by 20 and 50 nm ultrafiltration membranes.Conclusion Ultrafiltration technology can be applied to purifying Shentong Zhuyu Decoction, and the membrane pore size must be more than 20 nm.

Objective To compare the micromeritics properties and external dissolution rates of Sanhuang Powder in different particle sizes;To provide references for its direct use and application as raw materials for TCM preparation.Methods Particle size, bulk density, tap density, angle of repose, and hygroscopicity ofSanhuang micro-powder and common powder were investigated and evaluated. External dissolution rates ofSanhuang micro-powder and common powder were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.Results The flowability of bothSanhuang micro-powder and common powder were not very well. With the sizes decreasing, the hygroscopicity of micro-powder became stronger. The external dissolution ofSanhuang micro-powder was more sufficient and much more quickly than common powder.Conclusion Properties ofSanhuang micro-powder and common powder are obviously different.Sanhuang micro-powder has stronger hygroscopicity and worse flowability compared with common powder. However, external dissolution ofSanhuang micro-powder is more sufficient and much more quickly than common powder. WhenSanhuang micro-powder is used directly and used as raw materials for TCM preparation, much more discretion should be considered.

Objective To optimize technology of three can group dynamic countercurrent extraction process of ferulic acid from Angelicae Sinensis Radix.Methods The content of ferulic acid was determined by HPLC. With content of ferulic acid as index, comprehensive test was used to investigate effect of extraction solvent and extraction time on extraction efficiency.Results The optimum process parameters were as follows:extraction solvent with 10 times of water;20 minutes for each extraction time.Conclusion The process which uses method of three can group of dynamic countercurrent extraction of ferulic acid from Angelicae Sinensis Radix is reliable, highly efficient and energy saving.

In order to study the effect of chronic noise exposure on auditory center, seven guinea pigs were .exposured to 105 dB A noise 8h daily for 45 d. Then the animals were killed by decapitation. The superior olive and inferior colliculus were taken immediately to make the samples of electron microscope. The mitochondria swelling, membrane rupture, cristae breaking, ballooning degeneration were found. The rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum was swollen and expanded. The lysosome and secondary lysosome were increased. The cell interstitial edema and synaptic besicle decrease were observed. The nuclear chromatid was decreased and nucleolus was kept to the side. The laminae of neurilemma of nerve fibers were dissociated, swollen and broken. The results indicate that the ultrastructure, neural cells and fibers in the auditory center are damaged by chronic noise exposure and most of these damages are irreversible.

Objective To establish a suitable extraction and purification process line for industrial production of liquiritin. Methods With the extraction rate of liquiritin as index, orthogonal test was used to determine the optimum conditions; with the retention rate of liquiritin and impurity removal rate as the indexes, orthogonal test was used to optimize the best ultrafiltration process parameters. Results The optimum extraction conditions were: 24 times 0.75%ammonia water, extracted three times, each time under 60 min. The liquiritin average extraction rate was 72.3%. The best ultrafiltration process parameters were: 10 nm inorganic ceramic membrane, pressure of 0.12 MPa, temperature of 25 ℃. The liquiritin average retention rate was 98.9%, and the average removal rate of impurity was 23.3%. Conclusion This process has low production cost and good safety, and is suitable for industrial application.

Objective To establish a method for determination of polysaccharides in Weixuening Granule, which can be used for quality control of the preparation. Methods Polysaccharides was determined by improved differential phenol-sulfuric method with glucose as reference, and the color conditions were optimized at the wavelength of 487 nm, with the concentration of phenol and sulfuric acid, and reaction time as investigated factors. Results The best color conditions of polysaccharides were 0.04 g/mL phenol 1 mL, 87.5% sulfuric acid 5 mL, and reaction time of 15 min. Glucose had a good linear relationship with absorbanceΔA at the range of 15.3-306.0μg, r=0.999 7. The average recovery was 103.5%, and RSD was 2.9%. The average content of polysaccharides in Weixuening Granule was 27.04%and RSD was 1.1%. Conclusion The method is simple, accurate, stable and reliable, and can be used to determine the content of polysaccharides in Weixuening Granule.

Objective To investigate the changes of esophageal visceral sence stimulated by esophageal distention in rabbits and the protein expressions of calcitonin gene related peptide(CGRP),P substance(SP),5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),Fos protein in central nervous system(CNS).Methods Twenty New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group(n=8,received esophageal distention with 0.9 cm balloon for 30 s twice a day for 14 days),control group(n=6,received esophageal stimulation without balloon for 30 s twice a day for 14 days)and blank control grouop(n=6).The esophageal visceral sense was evaluated by animal behavior scores.The expressions of SP,CGRP,5-HT and Fos protein esophagus mucosa,spine,nucleus tractus solitari (NTS),periaqueductal gray(PAG)and thalamus were measured by immunochistochemistry.Results At the same behavior scores,the tube diameter of experimental group was significant lower than those of control group(P＜0.05).The expression of SP in esophagus mucosa,spine and NTS was significant increased in experimental group compared to two control groups(P＜0.05).The expression of CGRP and Fos in esophagus mucosa.spine,NTS,PAG and thalamus was increased in experimental group compared to two control groups(P＜0.05).The expression of 5-HT in esophagus mucosa and spine was higher in experimental group than that in control and blank control groups (esophagus: 27.67±3.27 vs 11.00±1.79 or 11. 17±1.33;spine:24.00±5.22 vs 11.33±2.94 or 11. 83±2. 48, P＜0. 01). But the expression of 5-HT in PAG was lower in experimental group( 13. 17±2.04) than that in control 17.67±2.07)and blank control (16.83±2.32) groups (P＜0. 05). There was significant correlation between CGRP and Fos, SP and Fos, CGRP and SP in spine (r=0. 813,0. 779,0. 772,P=0. 025,0.034, 0. 036, respectively). Conclusions Esophageal hypersensitivity may be induced by esophageal distention. The expresstion of SP, CGRP, 5-HT was increased in the esophageal mueosa and CNS, which indicate that these neurotransmitters and CNS may play an important role in the increase of esophageal visceral sense.

Objective To study food-borne disease related behavior of the floating population in Hangzhou city. Methods A questionnaire on food-borne disease related behaviors was formulated based on Delphi method. A family-based retrospective investigation was conducted by unified trained investigators to analyze the frequency of food-borne disease related behaviors of family food providers during the past month in several floating-population centers of Hangzhou city. The investigation was conducted among 150 adults of every survey spot quarterly during a one-year period. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. Results According to all 1 781 valid recovery questionnaires, 82.42%subjects had a family income less than 50 000 yuan per year and 87.42%of them had junior-middle-school or lower levels of education. The proportions of subjects who always cleaned kitchen tools, covered the garbage can and kept house out of flies, roaches and mice were 42.50%, 55.87% and 61.09%, respectively. The proportions of subjects who always purchased intact packaged food and food under warranty were 39.70%and 52.33%, respectively. The proportions of subjects who always used tapped water, cleaned hands before food processing, cooked eggsand other foods till well-done were 66.03%, 51.94%, 53.62%, 35.99% and 32.62%, respectively. The proportions of subjects who always stored food in containers with cover and for no more than 3 days in freezer were 20.89%and 30.88%, respectively. The frequencies of food-borne disease related behaviors mentioned above were significantly higher among migrants who originated from urban areas, received education above junior-middle-school and had a family income no less than 50 000 yuan/y than the others (P<0.05). Conclusion In order to correct the risky behaviors during food consuming, processing and storage, targeted intervention is necessary among family food providers of floating population families.

Objective To observe characteristics of the activity in resting brain of asymptomatic reflux esophagitis (RE) patients,and explore the role of default network in the pathogenesis of asymptomatic RE.Methods Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed to scan the brains of 15 asymptomatic RE patients,15 symptomatic RE patients and 15 healthy volunteers under no-mission-stimulation state.With fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF),characteristics of the strengthened and weakened regions of asymptomatic RE patients,symptomatic RE patients and healthy individuals were compared and analyzed.SPM 5 was applied for data preprocessing.Single-sample t test was performed to observe the noticeable active regions of each group under resting state,and then double-sample t test was used to compare the characteristics of active regions of the entire brain between asymptomatic RE patients and symptomatic RE patients or healthy individuals.Results Under resting state,the active brain regions of asymptomatic RE patients,symptomatic RE patients and healthy individuals were similar.The activity of only small part of brain regions in visceral sensory processing relevant networks changed.There was no significant difference in the active regions of default network under resting state between asymptomatic RE patients and healthy individuals.Compared with symptomatic RE patients,fALEF decreased at right central sulcus cover,right superior temporal gyrus,right insula,right transverse temporal gyrus,right postcentral gyrus,superior temporal gyrus and temporal pole (X=50,Y=-6,Z=12,t=2.7874,P＜0.01).Conclusion The difference in characteristics of activity in default network under resting state may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asymptomatic RE.

Objective To conduct in‐depth job analysis and needs assessment on advanced midwifery practitioner (AMP) set up at a tertiary hospital .Methods The appraisal structure was designed by the needs assessment framework .Information on AMP′s job needs was collected via in‐depth interviews ,field notes and midwives′diaries .Colaizzi analysis method was used to sort out and analyze all the data .Results Seven themes through AMP′s job needs assessment were presented in the form of6W1H ,including :(1) who was AMP ;(2) whom did AMP serve;(3) what was AMP′s job content ;(4) what scope did AMP work in ;(5) how was the AMP′s practice model ;(6) where was the practical site;(7) why was the job post launched .Conclusions AMP practice at current stage is in its embryonic form of exploration but with huge potential demand ,which still needs to be improved using the needs assessment framework so that a scientific and standard job description can be formed to guide the AMP clinical practice .