Drug resistance is the most important obstacle in the treatment of cancer.People can know more about the mechanisms of drug resistance by study of cancer stem cells,and then identify new therapeutic targets and to develope better anticancer strategies.If we regard cancer stem cells as the therapeutic targets we can selectively kill cancer stem cells without harming normal ones,so overcome the drug resistance and avoid cancer relapse or metastasis.

Objective To discuss the teaching outcomes of project draft design combined with PBL teaching method in TCM pharmaceutics technology.Methods Fifty students majoring in 2009 TCM Pharmaceutics Technolgy were divided into A and B groups. 25 students in group A were set as experimental group by using project draft design combined with PBL teaching method, while 25 students in group B were set as control group by using traditional teaching method. This study evaluated the effects of teaching methods through questionnaire and score analysis of the two groups.Results Students taught by project draft design combined with PBL teaching method generally believed that this teaching method can stimulate their learning interest, improve their ability of locating problems, solving problems, and comprehensively applying knowledge and enhance test scores.Conclusion Project draft design combined with PBL teaching method shows better teaching outcomes than traditional teaching method, which can cultivate students’ all-round ability and comprehensive quality.

Objective To establish the quality control method for Sanhuang Suppository. Methods Coptidis rhizoma, Scutellariae radix and Phellodendri chinensis cortex in Sanhuang Suppository were identified by TLC. The contents of baicalin and berberine hydrocholride were determined by HPLC which was performed on an Agilent Zorbaxsb C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 0.45 μm) with a mobile phase of methanol-water-phosphoric acid (47∶53∶0.2), with flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The wavelength of detector was set at 280 nm for baicalin and 365 nm for berberine hydrochloride, with column temperature of 30℃.Results Chromatographic characteristics of qualitative identification were evident. The linear range of baicalin was 0.248-2.48 μg (r=0.999 9) and the average recovery rate was 99.77% (RSD=1.05%). The linear range of berberine hydrocholride was 0.336-1.68 μg (r=0.999 9) and the average recovery rate was 97.74% (RSD=1.48%).Conclusion The method of qualitative and quantitative analysis is accurate, feasible and suitable for effective quality control of Sanhuang Suppository.

Objective To compare the micromeritics properties and external dissolution rates of Sanhuang Powder in different particle sizes;To provide references for its direct use and application as raw materials for TCM preparation.Methods Particle size, bulk density, tap density, angle of repose, and hygroscopicity ofSanhuang micro-powder and common powder were investigated and evaluated. External dissolution rates ofSanhuang micro-powder and common powder were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.Results The flowability of bothSanhuang micro-powder and common powder were not very well. With the sizes decreasing, the hygroscopicity of micro-powder became stronger. The external dissolution ofSanhuang micro-powder was more sufficient and much more quickly than common powder.Conclusion Properties ofSanhuang micro-powder and common powder are obviously different.Sanhuang micro-powder has stronger hygroscopicity and worse flowability compared with common powder. However, external dissolution ofSanhuang micro-powder is more sufficient and much more quickly than common powder. WhenSanhuang micro-powder is used directly and used as raw materials for TCM preparation, much more discretion should be considered.

Objective To discuss the teaching outcomes of problem-based learning method in classroom teaching of TCM pharmaceutics.Methods Fifty students majoring in 2009 science of Chinese materia medica were taught by using traditional teaching method in teaching of TCM pharmaceutics, and 56 students majoring in 2009 TCM pharmaceutics by using of problem-based learning method. This study evaluated students’ adaption to the two teaching methods through score analysis and questionnaire of the two classes.Results Students taught by problem-based learning method generally believed that this teaching method can stimulate their learning interest, improve self-study ability, thinking ability, creativity, and language competence, and enhance team spirit.Conclusion Problem-based learning method shows better teaching outcomes than traditional teaching method. It can guide students to look for ways to tackle problems in the course of solving problems, and cultivate all-round ability and comprehensive quality of students.

Partial thickness rotator cuff tears(PTRCTs) are a common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction in adults, which are seen in middle-aged and older adults and young adults in over-the-shoulder sports(throwing sports are the most common). PTRCTs include partial tears on the articular side, partial tears on the bursal side, and intratendinous tears. Tears on the articular side are 2-3 times more likely than on the bursal side, but intratendinous tears are the most common type. The treatment of PTRCTs consists of both conservative and surgical treatments. Conservative treatment is suitable for most patients with PTRCTs, and recommended as the primary treatment for PTRCTs because of its good clinical efficacy and patients′ willingness to accept it. However, there is no genaral consensus on the best treatment and the results reported in the literature are controversial. In this paper, the anatomy, epidemiology, pathogenic factor, diagnosis and treatment progress of PTRCTs are summarized in light of relevant domestic and international studies in recent years to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective:To analyze the prevalence and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Chengde city.Methods:From August 2022 to June 2023, throat swabs and clinical data of 478 hospitalized children with respiratory tract infection in the Chengde Central Hospital were collected. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the molecular epidemiology of RSV-A and RSV-B subtypes and analyze the clinical features of patients with RSV infection.Results:Among the hospitalized children, 67.57% (323/478) tested positive for RSV. The outbreak of RSV infection was caused by RSV-A subtype. The peaks of RSV-A infection occurred from November to December, 2022 and May to June, 2023. There were 86.07% (278/323) of the RSV-A-positive cases had mixed infection with other pathogens, primarily bacterial pathogens with Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most common, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Influenza virus A was the most common viral pathogens causing mixed infection. The level of lactate dehydrogenase was higher in the patients with single RSV-A infection than in those with mixed infection ( Z=2.396, P=0.017), and higher than the normal upper limit. Compared with the single infection group, the mixed infection group had higher white blood cell count ( Z=2.417, P=0.016), neutrophil ratio ( Z=3.218, P=0.001), C-reactive protein level ( Z=1.998, P=0.046) and creatinine level ( Z=2.107, P=0.035), and lower lymphocyte ratio ( Z=3.205, P=0.001), but they were all within the normal range. There were no significant differences in the clinical features between RSV-A-positive patients co-infected with bacteria or other viruses (all P>0.05). Conclusions:RSV-A is the leading cause of respiratory tract infection in children in Chengde from 2022 to 2023, and often co-detected with bacteria. The mixed infection with other respiratory pathogens is related to the clinical features of patients with RSV-A infection.

BACKGROUNDThe extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae has increasingly become a major contributor to nosocomial infections and can exhibit multiple antibiotic resistance. Previous studies have focused on the resistance genes in ESBL-producing strains, and the resistance-associated genetic environment of non-ESBL-producing strains has been ignored until now. Here, we investigated the occurrence and characteristics of non-ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, which potentially carries unexpressed resistance genes.

METHODSK. pneumoniae strains were collected from five medical institutions in China from February 2010 to August 2013. The VITEK-2 ESBL detection system was used as a primary screen to identify the ESBL-producing phenotype, and the three primary types of ESBL-associated genes (CTX, SHV, and TEM) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the strains presenting with a non-ESBL-producing phenotype. mRNA expression in the non-ESBL-producing strains was further screened by reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to validate their transcriptional efficiency.

RESULTSOut of 224 clinically isolated antibiotic-sensitive K. pneumoniae strains with a non-ESBL-producing phenotype, 5 (2.2%) were identified to carry inactivated ESBL blaSHV genes with intact upstream promoter regions and resistance gene sequences. Interestingly, three of the five antibiotic-sensitive K. pneumoniae strains containing ESBL blaSHV genes still exhibited mRNA transcription of blaSHV, while the other two exhibited no mRNA transcription.

CONCLUSIONThese findings suggest that inactivated ESBL genes exist in non-ESBL-producing antibiotic-sensitive K. pneumoniae strains, which have the potential to transform the strain into an ESBL phenotype if an inappropriate application or overdose of antibiotics is implemented during clinical management.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; China ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; genetics ; Humans ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; drug effects ; enzymology ; genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics

BACKGROUNDExtended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is one of the most popular pathogens that cause refractory respiratory tract infection. The genetic environment, including insertion sequences and the types of promoter, plays a key role in exploration of the mechanism of prevalence and dismission of the ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates. The aim of the investigation was to target analysis the genetic environment and promoter sequences of blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM, the most popular β-lactamase genes harbored by ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates.

METHODSFrom February 2010 to July 2011, 158 of 416 K. pneumoniae isolates producing ESBL from patients with lower respiratory tract infection were collected from seven tertiary hospitals from Beijing, Anhui, Fujian, Liaoning, Hebei and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China. The genetic environment including promoters of 10 types of blaCTX-M, 18 types of blaSHV and 2 types of blaTEM were analyzed by amplification and direct sequencing with various sets of PCR primers.

RESULTSISEcp1 was located upstream of the 5' end of the blaCTX-M gene in 130 (97.0%) out of 134 K. pneumoniae isolates harboring blaCTX-M and provided a conserved promoter to blaCTX-M. A non-coding sequence preceded by kdpC and recF was identified in all of the blaSHV genes except blaSHV-12 and blaSHV-2a. IS26 was also found upstream of 1 blaCTX-M-15, 10 blaSHV-1 strains, 4 blaTEM-1 and all of the blaSHV-2, blaSHV-2a, blaSHV-5 and blaSHV-12. Eighty-seven of 91 strains harboring blaTEM-1 carried a copy of Tn2 and IS26-blaTEM-1 fragments were also detected in 4 strains. With respect to K. pneumoniae, the genetic environment of blaCTX-M-38, blaSHV-142 and blaTEM-135 were firstly elaborated, and four kinds of novel genetic environment of blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1 have been detected as well.

CONCLUSIONSPerfective implementation of the genetic environment information of bgr;-lactamase gene needs to be further explored and supplemented. ISEcp1 and IS26 elements are widespread upstream of the blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM genes and contribute to horizontal transmission and genetic expression.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; China ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; genetics ; Humans ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; drug effects ; enzymology ; genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; genetics ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics ; metabolism