AIM: To evaluate the cytotoxicity of a novel anticholinergic drug penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) and its four optical isomers R-1, R-2, S-1, and S-2. METHODS: Two in vitro assays, MTT assay and neutral red uptake assay, were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity following PHC and its isomers exposure to HepG2 cells at different concentrations. RESULTS: PHC and its isomers induced decreases of viability of HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Comparison of the cytotoxicity of the five anticholinergic agents with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values indicated that the order of potency was PHC>R-2>R-1>S-2>S-1 for MTT assay, and R-2>PHC≈R-1>S-2>S-1 for neutral red uptake assay. CONCLUSION: With respect to the cytotoxicity of the four isomers on HepG2 cells, the R configuration was more potent than the S configuration, and R-2 was the most potent isomer whereas S-1 was the least potent isomer among the four optical isomers.

Objective To investigate the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) in a dose related manner on glucose metabolism after 65% hepatectomy in rats.Methods We determined the serum glucose levels of hepatomized rats at 0,5,10,20,and 30 minutes after an intravenous glucose load(IVGTT,0.5 g/kg glucose) on the first postoperative day,and the changes of blood glucose,serum insulin and glucagon concentrations of hepatomized rats that received the volum load with normal saline or 0.3 nmol/kg GLP-1,0.45 nmol/kg GLP-1 respectively.Blood was drawn for determination of glucose(glucose oxidase),insulin,glucagon,and GLP-1(radioimmunoassay).Results The peak glucose and 30-minute glucose levels and the area under the curve(AUC 0-30) were significantly higher in the hepatomized rats compared to the control rats,which had not undergone any operation and received a same intravenous glucose load(0.5 g/kg glucose with normal saline)(P0.05).Nevertheless the peak glucose and 30-minute glucose levels and AUC 0-30 of the hepatomized rats that received with 0.45 nmol/kg GLP-1 were significantly lower compared to the rats that received the same volum load with normal saline or 0.3 nmol/kg GLP-1 respectively after liver resection.There was an increasing postoperative serum concentration of glucose,insulin,glucagon on the first day,then,the serum glucose concentration was significantly lowered after infusion of GLP-1 in rats undergoing hepatectomy(P

Objective To investigate the adhesion levels in uropathogenic Escherichia coli with various degree of drug resistance.Methods One hundred strains of Escherichia coli isolated from urine specimen were collected from patients admitted to 4 Grade A tertiary hospitals in Tianjin during March 2012 to October 2015.Escherichia coli were divided into drug sensitive group and drug resistant group by drug sensitivity tests with 50 strains in each group.The expressions of fimH,fimA,fimB genes of type I fimbriae and papA,papB,papC,papGII genes of P fimbriae were detected by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and real-time fluorescence quantitative RCR (RT-PCR),respectively.Adhesion ability of type I fimbriae and P fimbriae were tested by yeast cell adhesion test and erythrocyte agglutination test.Chi square test and t(Z) test were used to analyze the data.Results The positive rate of papGII in drug resistant group (42.0%) was significantly higher than that in the drug sensitive group (16.0%)(χ2 =8.208,P <0.05),while there were no significant differences in the positive rates of fimH,fimA,fimB,papA,papB and papC genes between two groups(all P >0.05).The expression levels of fimH,fimB and papC genes in the sensitive group were higher than those in the resistant group(Z =3.427,t =5.182 and 8.120,all P <0.05).The adhesion ability of strains carrying type I fimbriae in sensitive group was stronger than that of resistant group (χ2 =5.769,P <0.05).Conclusions The decline in adhesion ability of type I fimbriae in drug resistant E.coli strains is possibly associated with the adaptive cost of bacteria,the transcription and deficiency of other genes encoded by fim and pap gene cluster will also affect the adhesion function of type I pili and type P pili.

Objective To examine the detection rate of 30 known virulence factors (VFs) of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli(ExPEC), and to investigates the epidemiology of ExPEC in elderly nosocomial infection. Methods A to?tal of 140 ExPEC clinical isolates from elderly nosocomial patients in hospitals in Tianjin were investigated. Multiplex PCR was performed to detect the 30 virulence factors among the E.coli strains and the detection rate of virulence factors for Ex?PEC were compared between isolates from different sites of infection.Fifty E. coli strains were shown to carry fimH gene that was amplified and sequenced. These sequences were used besides3 references strains (CFT037、UTI89 and K-12 ) to detect SNPs of fimH gene using DNAMAN Version 6.0.3.93 these 53 fimH sequences were used for genotyping and building dendrogram by MEGA4 software. Results In ExPEC, the following virulence factor genes, fimH, traT, fyuA, iutA and kpsMT II, had a higher detection rate than those of the rest . The following virulence factor genes, kpsMT II, K5, papC, pa?pEF ,papG allele II (Internal), papA, cnf1 (CNF), sfa/focDE and rfc had a a higher detectionrate from non-urine origin sam?ples than those from urine origin samples. fimH SNPs analysis of the 50 clinical isolated samples and 3 references samples showed 60 SNPs at 57 polymorphic sites. The fimH SNPs analysis classified the 53 strains into 25 genotype. The genetic fin?gerprintings of 11 isolates were exactly the same. Conclusion Many kinds of virulence factors can be found in ExPEC of el?derly nosocomial infection. The ExPEC strain isolated from non-urine origin had a stronger pathogenicity than those from urine-origin specimens. fimH SNPs analysis is suitable for molecular epidemiological investigation of ExPEC in hospital.

AIM: To investigate the effects of metallothionein (MT) induced by zinc on doxorubicin (DOX)-treated mice and to explore the potential mechanisms. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were divided randomly into 4 groups (n = 6) following control, DOX, Zn and Zn plus DOX. Mice were pretreated with eikg-1, ip) or equal volume of saline, and were killed on d 4 after the last injection. Serum and hearts were collected for examination. RESULTS: Zinc pretreatment elevated cardiac MT levels significantly while other antioxidants in heart including glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) , superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were not altered. Severe oxidative injury occurred in the mice treated with DOX as myocardial lipid peroxidation and morphological changes manifested by myocardial fibers swelling and vacuolization and nuclear condensation or dissolution, with increased activities of serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase and depletion of GSH, GSHpx, and SOD while CAT activity was increased in compensation. However, pre-induction of MT with zinc attenuated all of these toxic changes significantly. Furthermore, DOX induced elevation of hydrogen peroxide in heart tissues was greatly inhibited by zinc pretreatment. CONCLUSION: Preinduction of MT by zinc protects the heart from DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, and this effect is possibly correlated with the property of MT on scavenging free radicals in vivo.

0.05).Conclusions After hepatectomy,in rats is associated with an obvious insulin resistance,mainly due to the level of serum insulin was obviously decreased(P

This study is to evaluate the therapeutic effect of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) on type 2 diabetic mice model and to provide mechanistic insights into its therapeutic effect. Type 2 diabetic animal model was established with high calorie fat diet and low dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Mice were then randomized into 5 groups: model control, FGF21 0.25 and 0.05 μmol x kg(-1) x d(-1) groups, insulin treatment group. Ten age-matched normal KM mouse administered with saline were used as normal controls. Serum glucose, insulin, lipid products and the change of serum and liver tissue inflammation factor levels between five groups of mouse were determined. The results showed that blood glucose, insulin, free fatty acids (FFAs), triglycerides, and inflammatory factor average FGF-21 of type 2 diabetes model group and normal control group were significantly higher (P < 0.01), while compared with insulin group, no difference was significant. Average blood glucose, insulin, blood lipid and inflammatory factor of FGF-21 treatment group compared with type 2 diabetes group was significantly lower (P < 0.01) and insulin group has no difference with the model control group. The results of OGTT and HOMA-IR showed that insulin resistance state was significantly relieved in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, this study demonstrates that FGF-21 significantly remits type 2 diabetic mice model's insulin resistance state and participates in the regulation of inflammatory factor levels and type 2 diabetes metabolic disorders.

Objective: It is to investigate the efficacy of the blood-activating and orifice-opening method with acupuncture and moxibusion for treatment of vertebroarterial cervical spondylopathy. Methods: 176 cases were divided into the treatment group (89 cases) and control group (87 cases) randomly. Acupuncture on points Geshu (BL 17), Fengchi (GB 20) and Bailao (Ex-HN) was applied, and meanwhile moxibustion on points Baihui (GV 20) and Shangxing (GV 23) was applied in the treatment group, while Flunarizine was orally taken in the control group. Results: The blood-activating and orifice-opening method with acupuncture and moxibustion could significantly improve the comprehensive curative effect clinically, increase the subjective index score and the sign score significantly, and change hemodynamics obviously. Its effect was better than that of the control group. It was also found that its follow-up effect was significantly better that of the control group. Conclusion: The blood-activating and orifice-opening method with acupuncture and moxibustion has a definite effect on vertebroarterial cervical spondylopathy.

“Mechanical memory” approach was commonly used in the knowledge learning of traditional Chinese medicine, which makes students often feel that the knowledge is too abstract, and this method is thus ineffective. “Qihuang the way” using Unity 3D game development platform inte-grates the elements of medical knowledge of the Chinese medical history, and combines TCM theoretical knowledge learning with serious games , which can help invoke students' enthusiasm and improve learning efficiency in an entertaining way.

Objective To evaluate the application of abbreviated protocol (AP) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in screening of breast cancer with dense breast tissue.Methods Total 478 patients with dense breast tissue,who had negative X-ray mammography (MG),underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI).The AP MRI,which consisted of first postcontrast subtracted (FAST) and maximum-intensity projection (MIP),and full diagnostic protocol (FDP) MRI images were analyzed by Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS).Among 478 patients the histopathological diagnosis was available in 39 cases (41 breast lesions).With pathological diagnosis as gold standard,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of AP and FDP in breast cancer detection were evaluated.Results In 41 breast lesions there were 16 malignant lesions and 25 benign lesions.FDP detected all 16 malignant lesions,including 9 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ,6 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma and 1 case of mucinous carcinoma;AP detected 15 out of 16 cases of breast cancer.The sensitivity of FDP and AP in detection of breast malignant lesions was 16/16 and 15/16,respectively (x2 =0.725,P =0.224).The specificity of FDP and AP was 92％ (23/25) and 76％ (19/25),respectively (x2 =6.327,P =0.012).Conclusion For women with dense breast tissue AP of MRI can be used in early screening of breast cancer.