Nine short tandem repeat (STR) markers (D3S1358, VWA, FGA, THO1, TPOX, CSFIPO, D5S818, D13S317, and D7S820) and a sex-identification marker (Amelogenin locus) were amplified with multiplex PCR and were genotyped with a four-color fluorescence method in samples from 174 unrelated Han individuals in North China. The allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, heterozygosity, probability of discrimination powers, probability of paternity exclusion and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations were determined. The results demonstrated that the genotypes at all these STR loci in Han population conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations. The combined discrimination power (DP) was 1.05 x 10(-10) within nine STR loci analyzed and the probability of paternity exclusion (EPP) was 0.9998. The results indicate that these nine STR loci and the Amelogenin locus are useful markers for human identification, paternity and maternity testing and sex determination in forensic sciences.
Amelogenin ; China ; Dental Enamel Proteins ; genetics ; Electrophoresis ; Ethnic Groups ; genetics ; Forensic Medicine ; methods ; Gene Frequency ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sex Determination Analysis ; methods ; Tandem Repeat Sequences ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo explore the toxic effect on mouse administrated Kudiezi injection multy times a day, and on rats repeat administrated for many days.

METHODMouse tail intravenous injection of Kudiezi, 0.04 mL x g(-1), 3 times a day, rats tail intravenous injection of Kudiezi, 20, 10, 4 mL x kg(-1), once a day, for 6 weeks.

RESULTThere is no abnormal to the mouses administrated many times a day. The rats administrated large doses of drug for many days have certain effects on hematology, blood biochemistry. Some animals appear liver, kidney lesions mild, injection local appear haemorrhage, edema and inflammatory reaction.

CONCLUSIONThe mouse which was intravenous injection in the dose of 180 times Kudiezi injection as much as people used, revealed no toxicity reaction. Repeated large-dose administration, rats caused by lesions of the main target organs may be for kidney, liver. But the recovery result on liver, kidney toxicity was reversible, no delayed toxicity. At the same time, large doses of long-term administration of local have a certain irritation. Tips the medication should be under the guidance of doctors, and pay attention to replace the injection site. This research will provide safety basis for the clinical use of Kudiezi injection.

Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar