Rifabutin(RBT) is a rifamycin derivative,like rifampicin(RIF),registered for the prophylaxis and treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)in patients with AIDS by FDA in 1992.Subsequently,the drug was approved by many other countries.But now,it is used not only in the prophlaxis and treatment of mycobacterium avium complex but also in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori.For its high lipophilic characteristic and weak inducing properties compare to other rifamycin derivative,it can be applied in treatment with many diseases successfully,especially when combine with other antibiotics,and can solve the problem of traditional antibiotics resistance and increase the clinical safety of combined medical treatment.This paper just shows the progress of clinical pharmacological study and related aspects on rifabutin in order to instruct prescription.

A 57-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for a 7-year progressively spreading plaques involving the entire body surface, and multiple irregularly sized red nodules and infiltrated patches on the face, trunk and limbs. Histopathological examination showed pleomorphic tumor cells diffusely dis-persed throughout the dennis, giving an appearance of low proliferation. Some cells with cytoplasmic pro-cesses appeared multiangular in shape, lmmunohistochemically, tumor cells were negative for CDla or S-100, but positive for CD45, FXIIIa, CDl4, MHC- Ⅱ, CD68 and lysozyme with extracellular interstitial expression. Ultrastructurally, the cells exhibited cytoplasmic processes and irregularly sized nuclei; no Birbeck granules were observed. Vesicules of low electron-density were seen diffusely in cytoplasm and extracellular matrix. The case is herein diagnosed as cutaneous non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, which presents with a chronically invasive clinical course. These cells may develop from immature dermal dendritic cells.

AIM: To study the effects of apolipoprotein (apo) A-Ⅰon ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) degradation and cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. METHODS: After exposure of the cultured THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells to apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ for different time, cholesterol efflux, ABCA1 mRNA and protein level were determined by liquid scintillation counting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The mean ABCA1 fluorescence intensity on THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: ApoA-Ⅰ markedly increased ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. This was accompanied by an increase in the content of ABCA1. ApoA-Ⅰ did not alter ABCA1 mRNA abundance. Thiol protease inhibitors increased the level of ABCA1 protein and slowed its decay in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells, whereas none of the proteosome-specific inhibitor lactacystin, other protease inhibitors, or the lysosomal inhibitor NH_4Cl showed such effects. The apoA-Ⅰ mediated cellular cholesterol efflux was enhanced by thiol protease inhibitors. CONCLUSION: Thiol protease inhibitors might provide an alternative way to upregulate ABCA1 protein. This strategy is especially appealing since it may mimic the stabilizing effect of the natural ligands apoA-Ⅰ.

OBJECTIVETo comprehensively evaluate the effect of interventions on obesity in Chinese pupils.

METHODSA literature research was carried out in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, PubMed and the Excerpts Medica Database (EMBASE) databases to collect articles published between 1979 and 2010 concerning the effect of interventions for preventing obesity in Chinese pupils. Rate difference (RD) of the rate of obesity as the evaluation indicator was selected to Meta-analyze the effect of interventions on obesity. There are total 215 articles, in which 211 articles were written in Chinese and other articles were written in English.

RESULTS17 literatures were used for Meta-analysis by the uniform inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that the RD of obesity rate for the students in the intervention group was 3% (95%CI: 1% - 5%) after the intervention. However, the RD of obesity rate for the students in the control group was -2% (95%CI: -4% - -1%) after the intervention. Results of stratified analysis for the RD of obesity rate showed that the obesity rate for the students in the intervention group were decreased significantly after the intervention of combined programs with health education, physical exercise and nutrition interventions with moderate intervention time (1 to 2 years), the RD (95%CI) of obesity rate were 5% (2% - 8%), 3% (1% - 4%), respectively. For the studies whose baseline obesity rates was insignificant difference between the intervention group and the control group, the obesity rate for the students in the intervention group was 4% (95%CI: -7% - -1%) lower than the obesity rate for the students in the control group after the intervention.

CONCLUSIONHealth-education-based comprehensive intervention is effective on obesity prevention in Chinese pupils; combined intervention programs with moderate intervention time (1 to 2 years) were effective in improving efficiency of obesity prevention in pupils.

Objective To evaluate the associations between polymorphisms of LEPR Gln223Arg,LEPR Pro 1019Pro and the risk on obesity.Methods A computerized search on literature was carried out in Wanfang,CNKI,VIP databases and CBM,PubMed,EMBASE databases to collect articles published between 1979 and 2010 concerning the associations between polymorphisms of LEPR Gln223Arg and/or LEPR Pro 1019Pro and risk of obesity in the Chinese population.Odds ratios (ORs) were used to assess the strength of the association,and 95％ confidence intervals (CIs) to present the precision of the estimates.Meta-analysis was performed using the STATA statistical software.Results Fifteen literature were collected for Meta-analysis by the uniform inclusion and exclusion criteria.There were 1096 obese patients and 949 controls for polymorphisms of LEPR Gln223Arg in 9 papers,together with 961 obese patients and 818 controls for polymorphisms of LEPR Prol019Pro in 8 papers.Overall,there were significant associations between decreased risk of obesity and LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphisms (-668 A→G) (G versus A,OR=0.66,95％CI:0.49-0.89; AG and GG versus AA,OR=0.50,95％CI:0.32-0.77; respectively).There were significant associations between increased risk of obesity and LEPR Prol019Pro polymorphisms (-3057 G→A) (A versus G,OR=1.61,95％CI:1.15-2.26; AG and AA versus GG,OR=1.50,95％CI:1.08-2.08; respectively).Conclusion Variant alleles at both LEPR-668 and LEPR-3057 were associated with obesity in the Chinese Han-dominated population.

Objective:To investigate clinical significance of Presepsin(soluble CD14 subtype) in the diagnosis and condition assessment of sepsis in children compared with traditional biomarkers.Methods:For the prospective study, 102 children with sepsis admitted to the PICU of the Children′s Hospital of the Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January 2017 to December 2018 were selected, including 57 cases in the sepsis group, 45 cases in the severe sepsis/septic shock group and 25 cases in the non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS group), and 35 children with healthy physical examination during the same period as the control group.The sepsis group was further divided into the survival group( n=86)and the death group( n=16)based on the 28-day mortality.The data collected included serum Presepsin, procalcitonin(PCT), C-reaction protein(CRP) and interleukin(IL)-6 levels on days 1, 3 and 7 of admission, and compared with paediatric critical case scores. Results:(1)The levels of serum Presepsin [12.43(7.21, 15.07) ng/mL], PCT [23.00(5.70, 87.00) ng/mL], CRP [160.0(105.5, 200.0) mg/L], IL-6 [1 000.0(125.0, 1, 000.0) pg/mL] were significantly higher than those in the sepsis, SIRS and control groups( P<0.001). (2) The area under the ROC curve(AUC) values for Presepsin, PCT, and IL-6 subjects on day 1 of admission were 0.856, 0.812, and 0.516, respectively.The sensitivity of Presepsin at a cut-off value of 4.40 ng/mL for the diagnosis of sepsis was 81.1% and the specificity was 72.3%, which would significantly higher diagnostic efficacy of the combination of Presepsin, PCT and IL-6.(3) There was a significant difference between the survival and death groups in Presepsin( P<0.001), and Presepsin was significantly higher in the death group on days 3 and 7 than those in the survival group(both P<0.001); IL-6 was significantly higher in the death group on day 3 than that in the survival group( P=0.04); the differences in PCT and CRP between the death and survival groups at all time points were not statistically significant(both P>0.05 ). (4) The AUCs of inflammatory factors on days 1, 3 and 7 to predict sepsis outcome were 0.597, 0.656 and 0.951 for Presepsin, 0.576, 0.613 and 0.655 for PCT and 0.726, 0.786 and 0.664 for IL-6, respectively.The diagnostic values of Presepsin on day 7 and IL-6 on days 1 and 3 were higher.The combination of Presepsin, PCT and IL-6 significantly improved the prognostic judgment of sepsis.(5) The difference between sepsis-related acute kidney injury(AKI) and non-AKI was not statistically significant when comparing Presepsin on day 1 and 3(all P>0.05). Presepsin levels on day 7 were significantly higher in children with sepsis-associated AKI than in those without AKI( P<0.001). Conclusion:Presepsin is a good biomarker for sepsis diagnosis in children, which is equivalent to PCT in the diagnosis of sepsis, superior to IL-6 and superior to PCT in the prognosis evaluation.Combined testing of Presepsin, PCT and IL-6 may improve the diagnosis of sepsis and the assessment of the condition in children.

Objective To design and clone all known and predicted coding genes of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as the cDNA probes for preparing the microarray for EBV detection, thereby to facilitate further investigation of the pathogenetic role of EBV. Methods Oligo 6.0 software, BLAST program and Primer Premier 5 software were employed to design and screen the cDNA probes of the whole EBV genome, whose length ranged from 300 to 600 mer each with high specificity. These cDNA probes obtained through PCR and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR amplification from the genomic DNA and RNA of B95-8 cells and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissue were cloned into T/A clone vector, followed by identification of these probes by sequencing analysis. Result and Conclusion A total of 85 gene fragments (BWRF1 genecontained 7 repeats of open reading frames) coding for proteins and 2 EBERs in EBV genome were successfully cloned, not including LF1 and LF3 genes that did not exist in EBV genome ofB95-8 cells, which provides the basis for preparing microarray to explore the role of EBV genome in its related diseases.

Objective To design and clone all known and predicted coding genes of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as the cDNA probes for preparing the microarray for EBV detection, thereby to facilitate further investigation of the pathogenetic role of EBV. Methods Oligo 6.0 software, BLAST program and Primer Premier 5 software were employed to design and screen the cDNA probes of the whole EBV genome, whose length ranged from 300 to 600 mer each with high specificity. These cDNA probes obtained through PCR and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR amplification from the genomic DNA and RNA of B95-8 cells and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissue were cloned into T/A clone vector, followed by identification of these probes by sequencing analysis. Result and Conclusion A total of 85 gene fragments (BWRF1 genecontained 7 repeats of open reading frames) coding for proteins and 2 EBERs in EBV genome were successfully cloned, not including LF1 and LF3 genes that did not exist in EBV genome ofB95-8 cells, which provides the basis for preparing microarray to explore the role of EBV genome in its related diseases.