The reimbursement on high-value drug expenses for patients is an important approach of catastrophic disease medical insurance.Hong Kong has established in a drug safety network, that has achieved remarkable results in improving the accessibility to high-value drugs and the burden of disease and effectively alleviated patients' financial burden.This paper systematically analyzes the history, process of adding drugs to directory, application conditions for drugs and patients, development status, and characteristics of drug safety network in Hong Kong.This study points out that although Mainland China has gradually established the high-value drug directory for catastrophic disease through the method of drug negotiation, the mechanism of high-value drug directory is not mature yet.To achieve the convergence between high-value drug directory, basic medical insurance drug directory, and new rural cooperative medical scheme drug directory, Mainland China needs to: 1) First, learn from the drug safety network in Hong Kong and establish access and exist mechanism for high-value drug directory;2) Then, expand insurance coverage of high-value drugs by establishing a multi-channel and socialized financing mechanism;3) Finally, strengthen the major disease medical insurance by adhering to the principles of buying drugs and getting drugs for free and reforming the fixed-ratio-reimbursement model.

In this article we report the results on the synthesis and accumulation of PHAs by Rhodocista pekingensis (strain 3-p), a phototroph that was isolated from wastewater treatment plant. Our results showed that the optimal conditions for PHAs accumulation with strain 3-p were as following: 0.01% Yeast Extract, 0.01% NH 4Cl, Acetate 5 g/L, and medium pH of 7.0～7.2.Under optimized conditions, strain 3-p accumulated PHAs up to 60% of its cellular dry weight. Enzymatic activities of ?-ketothiolase, acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, and PHA polymerase were detected and their activities increased as PHA synthesis initialized. Based on these study, we proposed the metabolic pathway of this strain should be:Acetate (or other fatty acids) - Acetyl-CoA --- thiolase Acetoacetyl-CoA --- reductase D (-)-?-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA ----- PHA polymerase PHAs.

12 isolates of thermoacidophilies were obtained from samples of hot springs of Southern China's Guangdong and Yunna provinces. All isolates are heterotrophic. Cells are rods, Gram positive or variable. The optimal pH and temperature for growth are 3.5-5.5 and 43℃-52℃, respectively. Based on their morphological physiological properties and their 16S rDNA sequences, they were identified as members of Alicyclobacillus.

Abstract: Objective　To analyze the epidemic characteristics of etiologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis, and the outcome of treatment in Liaoning Province from 2016 to 2022, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of tuberculosis prevention and control measures in Liaoning Province. Methods　The medical records information of registered pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Liaoning Province from 2016 to 2022 was collected from the "Tuberculosis Information Management System", a subsystem of the "China Disease Prevention and Control Information System". A descriptive analysis was performed on the epidemiological characteristics and treatment outcomes of cases of pathogen-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Results　From 2016 to 2022, a total of 152 778 cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis were registered in Liaoning Province. Registration rates decreased from 54.48/100 000 in 2016 to 39.12/100 000 in 2022, displaying a downward trend (χ2trend=1 921.17, P<0.001). The etiological positive rate increased from 26.70% in 2016 to 51.21% in 2022, indicating an upward trend (χ2trend=5 203.00, P<0.001). The etiological positive registration rate increased from 14.54/100 000 in 2016 to 20.03/100 000 in 2022, showing an upward trend (χ2trend=647.97, P<0.001). The male-female ratio of etiological positive was 3.35∶1. The age group of 55-<65 had the highest incidence rate at 25.45% (16 127/63 376) among pathogen-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Patients over 45 years of age accounted for 71.27% (41 570/63 376) of total cases, pointing towards an aging trend. The main occupations of the patients were household and unemployed, making up 41.78% (26 477/63 376) of total cases and showed an increasing year-on-year trend (χ2trend=17.404, P<0.001). Direct medical consultation was the primary mode of patient source at 50.28%(31 864/63 376), while 64.54%(40 904/63 376) cases reported a delay in seeking treatment. Seasonality was observed in the occurrence of pathogen-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, with February and September being the months of lowest incidence, while May and June witnessed peak incidences. The etiological positive patients were mainly in Shenyang, Dalian, Jinzhou and other regions. The proportion of successful treatment of etiologically positive decreased from 91.15% in 2016 to 85.88% in 2022, manifesting a downward trend (χ2trend=35.892, P<0.001). Conclusions　From 2016 to 2022, the incidence and registration rates of pathogen-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Liaoning Province displayed an upward trend. Several characteristics were observed including seasonal variations, delayed treatment, regional distribution differences, and a decline in successful treatment rates. Targeted prevention and control measures should be formulated according to the actual situation in Liaoning Province.

?AlM: To observe the expression of Acin1 ( apoptotic chromatin condensation inducer 1 ) in congenital cataract mouse retina during development and investigate the differences of retinal apoptosis and the connection of lens and retina development between congenital cataract mouse and normal mouse.
?METHODS: There were congenital cataract mice ( 10 female and 5 male) and normal C57BL/6 mice (10 female and 5 male) . One male and two female mice were fed in the same cage randomly. The young mice were divided into two groups: congenital cataract group and normal control group. Five young mice were treated each group on 1, 5, 9, 14, 17, 21, 26, 60d. The left eyes were fixed with 4% neutral formalin to detect AClN1 protein by immunohistochemistry and retinas from right eyes were used to detect the mRNA expression of Acin1.
?RESULTS: Acin1 had sustained expression in each group. AClN1 protein gradually expressed from the ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer to the outer nuclear layer following retinal development. lt mainly expressed on ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer, but not neuroblastoma layer. AClN1 protein positive cells on P1 ~ P14d increased in normal control group, P17d reduced, after P21d positive cells of each layers decreased. The overall trend was similar in congenital cataract group with normal control group, P1 ~ P14d positive cells count was lower than normal control group, P17-P21d positive cells were flat and higher than the normal control group. Compared with the same day of the two groups, the differences except for P17, P26, P60d were significant (P<0. 05). The overall difference was statistically significant in congenital cataract group ( Fcataract=295. 07, P<0. 01);in addition to P1 and P5, P17 and P21, the differences were statistically significant ( P< 0. 05 ) compared with each other in congenital cataract group. The overall difference was statistically significant in control group (Fnormal=214. 21, P<0. 01); in addition to P1 and P5d, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0. 05) compared with each other in control group. The expression of P17d in congenital cataract group was lower compared with that of P14d in control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0. 05). Acin1 mRNA trends of two groups were similar with AClN1 protein. Compared with the same day of the two groups, the difference was significant except for P17, P21, P60d (P<0. 05 ) . The overall difference was statistically significant in each other of the two groups ( Fcataract=522. 29, P<0. 01;Fnormal=472. 05, P<0. 01). The difference was statistically significant compared with each day in control group ( P<0. 05). Compared with all the rest of days except for P21 and P26d, the difference was statistically significant in congenital cataract group (P<0. 05).
?CONCLUSlON: Acin1 exist differential expression of time and space in mouse retina during development, congenital cataract crystal developmental disorder may affect the expression of Acin1 and retinal cell apoptosis and development.

The pGenesil-1-Beclin1 eukaryotic expression vectors were constructed to establish an SH-SY5Y cell line stably expressing shRNA-Beclin1. The shRNA was connected to pGenesil-1 to construct the recombinant plasmid pGenesil-1-Beclin1, which was transformed into JM109 E. coli. Positive clones were identified by digestion with restriction endonuclease and DNA sequencing. SH-SY5Y cells were cultured by the conventional method. The pGenesil-1-Beclin1 and pGenesil-1 plasmids were transfected into SH-SY5Ycells, and the cells were screened by G418 until the stable G418-resistant monoclonal cells were acquired. Beclin1 mRNA and Beclin1 protein were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis respectively. The results of restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequencing confirmed the correct construction of the eukaryotic expression vector pGenesil-1-Beclin1. Two SH-SY5Y transfected cell lines were successfully selected. Compared with the control group, RT-PCR and Western blot showed that the expression of Beclin1 mRNA and protein were down regulated 71.28% ± 1.45% (P < 0.05)and 75.50% ± 2.63% (P < 0.05), respectively. The results indicated that the eukaryotic expression vector pGenesil-1-Beclin1 was successfully constructed and the SH-SYSY cell lines with inhibited Beclin1 expression were established. It provides a useful cell model for studying the biological function of Beclin1.
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Beclin-1 ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Down-Regulation ; Escherichia coli ; Gene Silencing ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Neuroblastoma ; Plasmids ; RNA, Messenger ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transfection

Alcohol-Related Disorders ; metabolism ; Animals ; Benzofurans ; pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; metabolism

Animals ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 ; metabolism ; Ethanol ; adverse effects ; Female ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Learning ; drug effects ; Male ; Memory ; drug effects ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Rats

ObjectiveTo diagnose and classify 249 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) according to the WHO standards.MethodsAccording to the WHO standards,cell morphology,cytogenetics,immune phenotype and bone marrow pathologic biopsy in 249 cases of MDS were analyzed.ResultsGreat shape and oval cell of mature erythrocyte could be observed in all MDS patients peripheral blood. The incidence of immature erythrocyte,immature granulocyte,pelger-like abnormal nucleus and neutrophils cells without granular increased with subtypes progressing.These abnormal characteristics and proportion tended to more apparent with MDS subtypes progressing.With the dynamic follow-up,we found the rate of MDS transition to AL increased with subtypes progressing(P＜0.05 ).The immune phenotype analysis of 148 patients was undertook and found that the trend to express myeloid specific antigen (CD33) increased gradually with subtypes progressing The chromosome inspection in 138 patients was undertook and found that 53 patients (38.7 ％ with abnormal karyotype,mainly in 20q- and +8;16 cases with complex abnormal karyotype (28 ％), two patients in 5q-. 180 patients were underwent bone marrow biopsy at the same time and found that 19 patients with abnormal morphology;42 patients with bone marrow fibrosis.ConclusionsCombining with multiple index to detect the MDS contributes to the classification and diagnosis more accuratcly and long-term follow-up helps to judgment the prognosis.

OBJECTIVE Study the role of estrogen receptor (ER)in the inhibition of cell viability and differentiation induced by bisphenol A (BPA)in micro mass culture of rat e mbryonic midbrain(MB) cells.METHODS Micro mass cultures of MB were prepared fro m rat e mbryonic midbrain on gestation day 13.MB cells were exposed to BPA (10 -4 ,10 -6 ,10 -8 ,10 -10 ,10 -12 mol·L -1 )for 5 d.Cell viability was assessed by neutral red uptake test.MB differentiation was detected by he matoxylin staining and i mage analysis.In order to observe the role of ER pathway in the toxicity induced by BPA,cell cultures were co-treated with ICI182780 0.1 n mol·L -1 ,ta moxifen 1 n mol·L -1 and BPA 0.1 mmol·L -1 for 5 d, the cell viability and foci differentiation were detected.Moreover,the protein expression levels of ER in normal e mbryonic brain of gestation day 18,testis tissue fro m adult rats and midbrain cells untreated with BPA were investigated by Western blot.The mRNA expression levels of ER in normal e mbryonic brain of gestation day 13 and gestation day 18,ovary and testis tissue fro m adult rats,and midbrain cells un-treated with BPA were investigated by real-ti me PCR.The mRNA expression levels of Notch1 and Hes1 in MB cells treated with BPA 0.1 mmol·L -1 were also detected by real-ti me PCR.RESULTS BPA 0.1 mmol·L -1 could inhibited MB cell viability and foci differentiation.However,this effect could not be reversed by ER antagonist.The protein and mRNA expression levels of ER in e mbryonic brain and MB cells untreated with BPA were found to be extre mly low.In addition,BPA 0.1 mmol·L -1 could inhibited the mRNA expression levels of Notch1 and Hes1 .CONCLUSION BPA could inhibited MB cell viability and foci differentiation.ER pathway might be not involved in this effect.Instead,Notch-Hes pathway might be involved for this effect.