Objective:To analyze the correlation between preoperative parametres and positive surgical margin after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.Method:From October 2014 to January 2019, the clinical data of 310 patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy(RARP) by single surgeon were collected retrospectively. The median age, PSA, f/t PSA and PSAD was 68(62-72)years, 26(13-63) ng/ ml, 0.12 (0.07-0.18) and 0.36(0.20-0.75) ng/ml 2, respectively. There were 115 cases with clinical T 1, 100 with clinical T 2, 41 with clinical T 3, and 15 with clinical T 4. Based on the MRI or ultrasound examination, the median value for the transverse diameter, anteroposterior diameter, vertical diameter, and volume of the prostate is 44(35-50)mm, 45(40-51)mm, 41(36-50)mm, and 76(54-118)ml, respectively. In this study, 84(27%)cases were diagnosed pathologically by transurethral resection of the prostate, and 226(73%)cases by prostate biopsy. The biopsy technique was transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic 12-point biopsy, and additional 1-5 needles were performed in regions with abnormal ultrasound echoes. The median for total number of puncture needles, number and percentages of positive needles were 12(12-13), 9(4-12)and 85%(35%-100%), respectively. Of all the patients, there were 61 cases with Gleason score≤6, 95 with Gleason score=7 and 84 with Gleason score≥8. There were 237(76%)patients undergoing neoadjuvant endocrine therapy. The patients were divided into the negative surgical margin group and positive surgical margin group. The correlation between positive surgical margin and general clinical data, PSA derivates, prostate size (transversal diameter, anteroposterior diameter, vertical diameter, and prostate volume), percentage of positive biopsy cores, Gleason score, method of pathological diagnosis, and endocrine therapy were analyzed. Results:Of all the 310 enrolled patients, the overall positive surgical margin rate was 34.2%(106/310). Univariate analysis showed that tPSA(41.3 ng/ml vs.24.8ng/ml, P=0.029), f/tPSA(0.14 vs.0.10, P=0.004), transversal diameter of prostate(46 mm vs.38mm, P=0.049), percentage of positive biopsy cores(100% vs.58%, P=0.001), and biopsy Gleason score(Gleason score≤6, =7 and ≥8: 14, 31 and 32 cases vs. 47, 64 and 42 cases, P<0.05)exhibited significant correlation with postoperative positive surgical margin. Multivariate analysis showed that transversal diameter of prostate( P=0.026) and percentage of positive biopsy cores( P=0.048) were independent risk factors for positive surgical margin. Conclusions:Transversal diameter of prostate and percentage of positive biopsy cores were independent risk factors, which help to predict the occurrence of postoperative positive surgical margin.

Androgen deprivation therapy is one of the main therapies for metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer. A case of metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer was reported, a 55 year old patient was admitted to the hospital due to increased PSA in physical examination. PET-CT examination showed multiple clinical metastases in the left neck, abdominal cavity, retroperitoneal cavity and pelvic cavity. Bone metastases occurred in the right fourth rib and the left sixth and seventh ribs; after 8 months of endocrine therapy and the second generation of anti androgen therapy, the reexamination of imaging examination showed that the prostate lesions, seminal vesicle invasion, bone metastases were all subsided.

Robot assisted laparoscopic surgery is a more advanced minimally invasive procedure with distinct advantages over conventional laparoscopic surgery. Since the introduction of Da Vinci robotic equipment in 2006, a large number of robotic surgeries have been performed in China, especially in the field of Urology, and robotic surgery has been widely used in the treatment of adrenal tumor, renal tumor, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and other diseases. Based on rich experience of more than 3000 cases of robotic surgery in our center, we summarize the status quo of urologic robotic surgery and discuss its development prospect.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy and postoperative urinary control between robot-assisted radical prostatectomy(RARP)with posterior-anterior-lateral(PAL)approach and with anterior(conventional)approach using propensity score matching method.Methods Clinical data of 145 patients undergoing RARP in our hospital during Jan.2020 and Jan.2023 were retrospectively analyzed,including 122 patients in the conventional group and 23 in the PAL group.The patients were matched by 2∶1 propensity score matching,including 46 cases in the conventional group and 23 in the PAL group.The perioperative outcomes were compared of prostate cancer(PCa)patients undergoing RARP surgery with different approaches before and after matching,including operation time,intraoperative blood loss,pelvic drainage time,hospitalization days,preservation of neurovascular bundles(NVB)during surgery,deep dorsal venous complex(DVC)suture,reconstruction of bladder neck,and postoperative urinary control recovery rate after extubation immediately,and 1,3,and 6 months after surgery.Results There were no significant differences in baseline data,operation time,bleeding volume,pelvic drainage time,hospitalization days,preservation of NVB,and reconstruction of bladder neck between the two groups(P＞0.05).The PAL group used less DVC suture during surgery(30.4％vs.100％,P＜0.001),but had better urinary control recovery rate immediately after extubation,1,3 and 6 months after surgery(P＜0.05).Conclusion RARP with PAL approach is as safe and effective as the conventional approach,and has significant advantages in early postoperative urinary control.

Objective To determine the in vitro production of virulence factors for Candida (C.) tropicalis,including aspartyl proteinases,phospholipases and hemolytic activities,describe the regulation of virulence factors varying with time in C.tropicalis,and analyze the differences in aspartyl proteinases and hemolytic activities of C.tropicalis isolated from anatomically distinct sites.Methods A total of 64 C.tropicalis strains were spot-inoculated onto bovine albumin agar,egg yolk agar and sheep blood agar plates,respectively.Then the plates were incubated for 24,48 and 72 hour at 37 ℃,respectively.The aspartyl proteinases,phospholipase and hemolytic activities were determined at each time point,respectively.Results All the C.tropiclais isolates showed positive aspartyl proteinases and hemolytic activities at each time point,but no phospholipases activity was detected in C.tropicalis.On comparison of aspartyl proteinases and hemolytic activities at different time points,aspartyl proteinases activity at 48 and 72 hour was higher than that at 24 hour.During 72 hour,hemolytic activity of C.tropicalis increased.No statistical significant differences in aspartyl proteinases and hemolytic activities of C.tropicalis were observed among different infection sites (P=0.368 and 0.985).Conclusion The C.tropicalis clinical isolates in China have aspartyl proteinases activity,hemolytic activity,but have no phospholipase activity.

【Objective】 To investigate the recurrence of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN), and to explore the related factors of recurrence. 【Methods】 Clinical data of 367 RCC patients who underwent RAPN during 2015 and 2020 in our hospital were retrospectively collected. Patients were divided into recurrence group and non-recurrence group. The related factors of recurrence and 5-year cumulative recurrence rate of RCC and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in the recurrence group were analyzed. 【Results】 The median follow-up was 48 (IQR:38-60) months. Recurrence occurred in 9 patients, with a 5-year cumulative recurrence rate of 97.5%. For RCC patients, univariate analysis showed that tumor size, T-stage, R. E. N. A. L. score, R value, N value, and operation time were significantly associated with postoperative recurrence (P<0.05), while multivariate analysis showed that N value (HR=15.75, 95%CI:2.00-124.17, P=0.009) was an independent related factor. For ccRCC patients, univariate analysis showed that hypertension, tumor size, T-stage, R. E. N. A. L. score, N value, operation time and WHO/ISUP grade were significantly associated with postoperative recurrence (P<0.05), while multivariate analysis showed that WHO/ISUP grade (HR=4.99, 95%CI:1.04-24.01, P=0.045) was an independent related factor. 【Conclusion】 The 5-year cumulative recurrence rate of RCC patients after RAPN is 2.5%. N value and WHO/ISUP grade are the independent related factor of recurrence of RCC and ccRCC, respectively.

【Objective】 To explore the influencing factors of planned robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) converted to radical nephrectomy (RN). 【Methods】 Clinical data and operation records of 488 patients planned for RAPN in our hospital during 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively collected. The patients were divided into converted and unconverted groups, and relevant clinical data of the two groups were compared. The causes and influencing factors for conversion were analyzed. 【Results】 Among the 488 patients, 14 (2.9%) converted to RN. The causes included: ①complicated tumor anatomy and surgical difficulties; ②local advanced renal tumor suspected during operation; ③severe intraoperative hemorrhage. Univariate analysis showed that R. E. N. A. L score (P<0.001), E value (P<0.001), N value (P<0.001), L value (P<0.001), renal hilum position (P<0.001) and T stage (P=0.002) were influencing factors of conversion. 【Conclusion】 Causes for the conversion of RAPN to RN include complicated tumor anatomy, suspected local advanced renal tumor and severe intraoperative hemorrhage. The R. E. N. A. L score, E value, N value, L value, renal hilum position and T stage are influencing factors.

【Objective】 To compare the clinical efficacy of robot-assisted and open surgery in the treatment of renal carcinoma with inferior vena cava cancer thrombus, and to analyze the safety and feasibility of robot-assisted radical nephrectomy. 【Methods】 Clinical data of 55 patients surgically treated for renal carcinoma with Mayo Ⅰ-Ⅲ inferior vena cava tumor thrombus during Dec.2015 and Dec.2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the operation methods, the patients were divided into the robotic surgery group (n=36) and open surgery group (n=19). The perioperative data, oncological results and survival of the two groups were compared. 【Results】 All operations were successful. The median operation time was 176 (IQR:137-234) min, and grade Ⅲ and above complications occurred in 9(16.4%) cases. The robotic surgery group had lower intraoperative blood loss [300 (IQR:200-625) mL vs.1 000 (IQR:600-1 184) mL] and blood transfusion ratio [(20/36) vs. (18/19)] than the open surgery group, but higher postoperative hemoglobin level[109(98-120) g/L vs. 90(84-100) g/L]. During a median follow-up of 26 (IQR:19-39) months, 19(34.5%) patients developed new metastases and 12(21.8%) patients died. The postoperative tumor-specific survival (HR=0.39, 95%CI:0.13-1.16, P=0.090) and overall survival (HR=0.71, 95%CI:0.22-2.23,P=0.554) were not significantly different between the two groups. 【Conclusion】 There are no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative complications, tumor-specific survival and overall survival between robot-assisted and open surgery for Mayo Ⅰ-Ⅲ inferior vena cava tumor thrombus, but the intraoperative blood loss in robotic group is lower than that in the open surgery group.

【Objective】 To compare the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of robot-assisted and open radical nephrectomy for complex kidney neoplasm >8 cm in diameter. 【Methods】 Clinical data of 24 patients with large kidney neoplasm undergoing robot-assisted radical nephrectomy (9 cases, 37.5%) and open radical nephrectomy (15 cases, 62.5%) during Nov.2015 and Aug.2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The surgical parameters, perioperative complications and follow-up outcomes were compared between the two groups. 【Results】 All operations were successful. Compared with the robot group, the open group had a higher incidence of clinical symptoms (93.3% vs.44.4%, P=0.015) and larger maximum tumor diameter (124 mm vs.95 mm, P=0.021). There were no significant differences in other preoperative characteristics between the two groups. The robot group had less intraoperative blood loss (100 mL vs.800 mL, P=0.006) and lower blood transfusion rate (0% vs. 60.0%, P=0.007) than the open group. During the median follow-up of 50 (range: 25-67) months, 4 patients in the open group and 1 in the robot group developed new metastases, and 4 patients in the open group died due to advanced tumor stage. 【Conclusion】 Robot-assisted radical nephrectomy is safe in the treatment of complex and large renal tumors, and causes less intraoperative blood loss than open surgery.

OBJECTIVETo understand the species, genotypes and mating types of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolated from clinical samples in Guigang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

METHODSA total of 20 Cryptococcus strains were isolated from clinical samples in Guigang from 2009 to 2012. The biological identification was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. The serotypes and mating types of C. neoformans and C. gattii were identified by PCR with serotype-specific and mating type-specific primers. The genotype was characterized by PCR fingerprinting and URA5 gene restriction fragment length polymorphism (URA5-RFLP). Phenotype study included growth test at 37 °C, melanin production test and urease test.

RESULTSAmong the 20 strains, 19 (95%) were identified as C. neoformans varieties (var.) grubii (serotype A, mating type α, genotype VN I), and only 1 was identified as C. gattii (mating type α, genotype VG I). The results of virulence test showed that all the strains grew well at 37 °C and positive in both urease test and melanin production test.

CONCLUSIONC. neoformans var. grubii (serotype A, genotype VN I and mating type α) was the predominant pathogen causing cryptococcosis in Guigang, and C. gattii strain was also detected.

China ; Cryptococcus gattii ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Cryptococcus neoformans ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Genotype ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Virulence