Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric behavior disturbances between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients,as well as their relationships with dementia severity.Methods A total of 38 FTD patients and 46 AD patients were recruited in this study.The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were used to evaluate the degree of cognitive impairments.The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Brief Questionnaire Form (NPI) and Frontal Behavioral Inventory (FBI) were used to measure behavioral disturbances.The 21-items Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-21) was used to evaluate the mental or emotional state of patients.Clinical dementia rating scale (CDR) was used to divide the dementia severity.Results FTD patients were younger ((70.13 ± 8.36) years vs (66.46 ± 7.04) years,t =2.124,P =0.037),earlier at age of onset ((68.58 ± 8.51) years vs (64.43 ± 6.82) years,t =2.396,P =0.019),with lower MoCA scores (12.50 (8.00,16.25) vs 17.00(10.75,21.00),Z=-2.428,P=0.015),higher NPI (15.00(7.00,25.50)vs 9.50(4.00,17.75),Z=-2.251,P=0.024),FBI (21.00(13.00,27.00)vs 16.00(10.75,23.00),Z=-2.159,P=0.031),FBI-A (13.00 (8.00,16.00)vs 9.00(6.00,12.00) Z=-2.159,P=0.041),FBI-B (9.00(7.00,14.00) vs 7.00(3.00,11.00),Z=-2.051,P=0.040) and HAMD-21 scores (7.00(2.75,14.00) vs 5.00 (3.00,8.00),Z =-2.061,P =0.039).A detail analysis of different cognitive domains showed the executive functions (Z =-2.140,P =0.032),language (Z =-3.357,P =0.001),abstraction (Z =-2.498,P =0.012) and delayed recall (Z =-4.317,P =0.000) of the MoCA scale were lower in FTD patients than that in AD patients,while AD patients had lower scores in memory (Z =-1.999,P =0.046) and orientation (Z =-2.941,P =0.003) of the MMSE scale.Within the subscale scores of the NPI,the agitation (Z =-3.255,P =0.001),disinhibition (Z =-3.093,P =0.002) and irritability (Z =-2.214,P =0.027) scores were higher in FTD patients than in AD patients.The total scores of NPI (r=0.279,P=0.010),FBI (r =0.353,P=0.001),FBI-A (r=0.386,P=0.000) and FBI-B (r =0.273,P =0.012) were positively correlated with the CDR scores,whereas MoCA scores were negatively correlated with the CDR scores (r =-0.760,P =0.000).The subscale scores on MoCA and NPI areas changed corresponding with dementia severity in both groups.Conclusions The cognitive function,behavioral and psychological symptoms between FTD and AD patients are different.FTD patients have poorer executive function,language,abstraction and delayed recall ability,whereas AD patients perform worse in memory and orientation.With the progression of the disease,FTD patients gradually emerged disorientation,while the cognitive impairment in AD patients almost affected all the areas.FTD patients are more likely to have agitation,disinhibition and irritability behavior,and AD patients are more likely to have depression in the late stage.Dynamic evaluation of the cognitive function,behavioral and psychological symptoms in clinical practice can help to distinguish FTD and AD.

Purpose To investigate the clinicopathological features of adolescent mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney ( MESTK) and improve recognization of this rare disease. Methods Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of MESTK occured in 17-year-old girl were studied. Reviewed the related literatures, clinical and pathological characteristics of adoles-cent MESTK were analysed comprehensively. Results Congenital perineal spill was the main clinical manifestations. Microscopically, the tumor showed nodules and was composed of a mixture of epithelial and stromal elements. Glands were lined with columnar or cilia-ted columnar cells. Stromal cells surrounding glands seemed like ovaries and away from glands seemed like the differentiation of smooth muscle. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the epithelial cells were positive for CK7 and vimentin. Stromal cells expressed desmin, smooth muscle actin ( SMA) , ER and PR. It was noteworthy that stromal cells away from glands expressed desmin. Conclu-sions As a kind of rare benign neoplasm of kidney, MESTK often occurs in perimenopausal women. But MESTK can also occur in ad-olescence, and has nothing to do with the use of hormone. Therefore, the renal tumor occurred in teenagers with biphasic differentiation should be differentiated from MESTK.

The current situation of medical equipment management informatization was introduced in China,and its deficiencies were described in standard,top-level design,data island and etc.A development strategy divided into preliminary,intermediate and advanced levels was put forward,which used business support,data fusion and iterative analysis as the tools.The steps and methods for medical equipment management informatization were studied,and it's pointed out industrial informatization was of great significance to enhance the quality,efficacy and ability of medical equipment management.

Objective To examine the effects and mechanisms of siRNA targeting aquaporin 4 (AQP 4) in combination with hyperbaric oxygen therapy(HBO) on cerebral edema and apoptosis in the brain tissue of rats after hemorrhage.Methods Rats were randomly divided into four groups,the control group,the hyperbaric oxygen group,the AQP-4 siRNA group and the combination therapy group (24 rats).Thrombin Ⅶ was injected into the caudate nucleus to establish the hemorrhage model.Construction of siRNA targeting aquaporin 4 was conducted.The mRNA expression of AQP-4 was detected by RT-PCR at day 3.Changes in brain moisture and blood-brain barrier perme ability were measured by a wet/dry weight method and Evans blue fluorometry.The nerve cell apoptosis rate was analyzed by Annexin V andTdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL).The expression of proteins including AQP-4,MMP-2,MMP-9,Bcl-2 and caspase-3 was detected by Western Blotting.All the animals were given a score for their nerve function at day 3.Results AQP-4 siRNA treatment obtained better effects than HBO in decreasing the brain edema leveland silencing AQP-4 mRNA(P＜0.05)while,the combination therapy group achieved the best results(P＜ 0.05).Compared with the control group,the percentage of apoptotic cells decreased in all the three treatment groups,with the most marked decrease observed in the combination treatment group(4.24± 0.04)％(F=13.76,P=0.001).The expression of AQP-4,MMP-2,MMP-9 and caspase-3 was lower (P＜0.05) and the expression of Bcl-2 was higher(P＜0.01)in the combination treatment group than in the other three groups.Compared with the control group,all the other three groups received better scores on nerve function defect evaluation at day 3 after hemorrhage(P＜0.05),with the combination treatment group again achieving the most favorable score (4.7 ± 1.1) (F=7.21,P =0.013).Conclusions Targeted siRNA interference combined with hyperbaric oxygen can effectively reduce cerebral edema after cerebral hemorrhage,inhibit neuronal apoptosis and promote neuron function recovery.The underlying mechanisms may be related to down-regulation of AQP-4,MMP 2,MMP-9 and caspase-3 expression and up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression.

Objective To develop a novel stress fracture animal model system based on dynamic cyclic mechanical loading.Methods Ulnae and tibiae of rats were respectively fixed using differently shaped fixtures (including a fixed holder and a movable holder).The axial mechanical loading was applied via a linear actuator based on LabVIEW control program.During the loading process,a load cell and a laser displacement transducer were used to detect the force and displacement changes in the limbs,respectively.The two signals were sampled at real time by PC-based LabVIEW data acquisition program.A compressive loading test (peak force of 50 N) was conducted to examine the consistency and reliability of cyclic loads after completing the loading system.The loading system and an ElectroForce 3220 mechanical testing machine were respectively used to measure and compare the Young's modulus of a standard ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)cylinder to calibrate the loading system.Results The compressive loading test (peak force of 50 N) demonstrated that the mechanical loading system was able to apply consistent loads with controllable intensity and time.The calibration experiment indicated the accuracy of the loading system.Conclusion The novel mechanical loading device has characteristics of precision,scientificity and reliability,and it is approaching the real development situation of stress fracture,which may provide a reliable experimental base for exploring the precautionary measures of stress fracture.

Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L., which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan, Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China. It is also known as big belly, binmen, olive seed, green seed and so on. Betel nut is a dual-use resource for medicine and food, which was first contained in LI Dang's Pharma?ceutical Record. Betel nut tastes bitter, pungent, warm in nature, and belongs to the stomach and large intestine meridian. It contains a variety of chemical components such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, terpenoids, and steroids. It has the advantages of promoting digestion, lowering blood pres?sure, anti-depression, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasites, antibacterial and other activities. The content of total phenols in fresh fruits of areca nut was 31.1％, mainly including catechin, isorhamnetin, chrysopanthoxanthin, luteolin, tannin and other polyphenols. The commonly used methods for determination of polyphenols in areca are vanil?lin titration potassium permanganate titration and potassium ferricyanide spectrophotometry. The main activities and mechanisms of areca polyphenols include: ① Antidepressant effect: polyphenols bind to monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) receptors that inhibit the production of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the content of amine transmitters in the brain and playing a therapeutic effect on depression. ② Antioxidant effect: polyphenols contain multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized and can effectively remove superoxide anion free radical, hydroxyl free radi?cal, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, showing good antioxidant activity.③Bacteriostatic effect:polyphenols can spe?cifically bind to the surface of bacteria, thus achieving bacteriostatic effect. Studies have found that betel nut polyphenols have varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of bacteria. ④ Inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes: polyphenols deplete the mercaptan in lymphocytes and make them unable to survive, thus inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes.⑤Anti-aging effect: polyphenols have the effect of anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase, so as to protect elastin fiber and pro?mote collagen synthesis.⑥Anti-allergic effect:studies have found that polyphenols can reduce ovalbumin induced aller?gic reactions.⑦Other functions:betel nut can freshen breath, eliminate bad breath, and resist the activity of cobra venom. At present, domestic and foreign scholars' research on betel nut mainly focuses on arecoline and its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproductive function, addiction and toxicity to the nervous system, and there are few studies on the positive effects of betel nut, especially on it. There is less research on phenolic ingredients. Therefore, this article reviews the polyphenolic chemical constituents of betel nut, and fully excavates its pharmacological activity to provide a reasonable basis for the scientific use of betel nut.

The morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases are very high, which has attracted more and more attention all over the world. Common treatment methods for clinical treatment of acute myocardial infarction include direct percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting, which can quickly restore blocked coronary blood flow and reduce the infarct size. However, the inevitable ischemia/reperfusion injury will occur during the recovery of coronary blood flow, its pathological mechanism is complicated, and the Western medicine countermeasures are very limited. Among the current drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, traditional Chinese medicine has become a research hotspot due to its multiple targets, safety, and low side effects. Ginger is the fresh rhizome of Zingiber offici?nale Rosc., a perennial herbaceous plant in the ginger family. It is a dual-purpose resource of medicine and food. Ginger has the functions of relieving the appearance and dispelling cold, warming up and relieving vomiting, resolving phlegm and relieving cough, and relieving fish and crab poison. The chemical components of ginger mainly include volatile oil, gingerol, diphenylheptane, etc.. Among them, 6-gingerol, as the main active component of gingerols, has obvious phar?macological effects in myocardial protection, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, etc.. Studies have shown that 6-gingerol protects myocardium mainly through anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, inhibiting cell apoptosis, and preventing cal?cium influx. ① Anti-oxidative stress: oxidative stress is a state where oxidation and anti-oxidation in the body are out of balance, and it is also an important factor leading to myocardial damage. Many studies have confirmed that 6-gingerol has an antioxidant effect, and it is considered a natural antioxidant. 6-gingerol can significantly reduce the degree of oxi?dative stress and the level of reactive oxygen species caused by cardiomyocyte damage, and has a significant cardiopro?tective effect. ② Anti-inflammatory: inflammation can cause substantial cell damage and organ dysfunction, which is another important cause of myocardial damage. 6-gingerol can reduce the levels of inflammatory factors such as inter?leukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-αin cardiomyocytes, and at the same time inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB sig?naling pathway, an important regulatory pathway of inflammation, showing that it may improve myocardial damage through anti-inflammatory effects. ③ Inhibition of apoptosis: apoptosis is a complex and orderly process in the autono?mous biochemical process of cells, and one of the main mechanisms of myocardial injury. This process can be roughly divided into three pathways: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and death receptors. Among them, the mitochondrial pathway plays an important role, and Bcl-2 and Bax located upstream of this pathway can regulate the entire process of cell apoptosis by regulating the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. Studies have found that the preventive application of 6-gingerol can reduce cell damage, reduce the number of apoptotic cells, reduce the activity of Bax and caspase-3, and increase the expression of Bcl-2. Therefore, 6-gingerol pretreatment can reduce the damage of cardio?myocytes, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis.④Prevent calcium influx:calcium overload is involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemic injury, which may be related to excessive contracture, arrhythmia, and mitochondrial Ca2+accumulation that impairs myocardial function. 6-gingerol inhibits the increase of intracellular Ca2+concentration by inhibiting L-type calcium current, thereby reducing extracellular Ca2+ influx, thereby avoiding calcium overload and playing a cardioprotective effect. In summary, 6-gingerol can effectively treat and improve myocardial isch?emia/reperfusion injury, and it has great development potential in the fields of medicine and health products.

Objective:This paper is to propose a calibration model based on sine function which enables more choices to determine the functional relationship between the absorbance and the concentration of the tested substance.Methods:This paper uses Taylor series expansion and Levenberg-Marquardt to obtain the optimal parameters for the Sine model and then summarizes the characters of the Sine model. On the basis of these characters, this paper compares and evaluates the experimental data processed by the Sine model from four aspects: correctness, precision, linearity and correlation.Results:The generated sine function calibration model achieved deviations within ±3% of the national standard substance, precision ( CV%) less than 2%, and a linear correlation coefficient greater than 0.990 within the measurement range of 32-710 mg/L. The correlation coefficients between the sine model and other well-performing linear calibration models for 104 clinical samples were all greater than 0.990. Conclusions:The performance evaluation of the prealbumin assay kit using the sine function calibration model meets industry standards and shows good correlation with the results of clinical sample measurements. This indicates that the sine function calibration model can serve as a new calibration model for in vitro diagnostic research and clinical applications.

Objective To optimize the extraction conditions of Schisandra sphenanthera(SS)seed oil by supercritical CO2ex?traction and identify its components by GC-MS.Methods SS seed oil was used as tested material,response surface methodology was used to optimize the process of supercritical CO2extraction,and GS-MS method was used to analyse SS seed oil composition.Results A model of an equation was established,which could be used to optimize the process parameters of supercritical CO2extraction of SS seed oil. The optimum extraction parameters were as follows:the extraction pressure was 33 MPa,the extraction temperature was 53℃,the extraction time was 90 min,the CO2flow rate was 21.40 ml/min.In this condition,the extraction rate of SS seed oil was 7.97%.The SS seed oil was analyzed by GC-MS,and 23 compounds were identified.In these compounds,(1α,4a.β,8a.α)-1,2,3, 4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-7-methyl-4-methylene-1-(1-methylethenyl)-naphthalene,(-)-1,7-dimethyl-7-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-tricyc?lo[2.2.1.0(2,6)]heptane and(R)-2,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydro-3,5,5,9-tetramethyl-1H-(σ-phenyl)cycloheptene had the content of more than 10% and the contents were 27.78%,14.77% and 13.12% respectively.Conclusion This process has high extraction rate, fast speed and simple operation,and can be used for the extraction of SS seed oil.

Refeeding syndrome(RFS)has a high incidence among critically ill patients and significantly impacts the re-covery and prognosis of the patients.In this paper,we reviewed the literature on the risk factors and risk prediction models for RFS,finding the risk factors of RFS included patient-related,treatment-related factors and disease-related factors and the risk prediction models encompassed risk stratification model,risk score models and the Logistic regression models.It was concluded from the review that early assessment was crucial to preventing the occurrence of RFS.However,there was still a lack of reliable RFS risk prediction models with good predictive performance.It was found as well that it was crucial for the prevention of RFS to attach importance to nutritional and serological indicators and other factors.It was expected to be a necessity to conduct prospec-tive and multicenter studies to develop a risk prediction model for predicting RFS for ICU patients.Our review provides a refer-ence for early assessment and intervention for critically ill patients with RFS.