To establish a GC method to determine the related substances in pharmaceutical excipient benzyl alcohol. Methods:A GC method was used with an Agilent DB-wax eapillary column(0. 32 mm × 30 m,1. 8 μm)and programming temperature. The initial temperature was 50℃, and then raised to 220℃ with a rate of 5℃·min-1 and maintained for 35min. The detector was FID. The temperature of the injection port was 200℃,and the detector temperature was 310℃. The results were confirmed by GC-MS. Results:Within a certain range,the peak area and concentration of every impurity had a good linear relationship (r≥0. 999 9). The recovery was between 96. 1% and 102. 7%. The quantitative limit was between 1. 37-3. 63 ng. Toluene, benzyl chloride, benzalde-hyde and benzyl ether were found out in the samples. Conclusion:The method is accurate and convenient, and suitable for the quanti-tative determination of related substances in pharmaceutical excipient benzyl alcohol.

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of benzene, chlorine alcohol and pyridine residues in piperazine ferulate. Methods:GC was used with a DB-624 (30 m × 0. 53 mm, 1. 0 μm) elastic quartz capillary column. The flame ionization detector was used with nitrogen as the carrier gas. The initial temperature was 50℃, maintaining for 5 min, and raised to 80℃ at the rate of 10℃·min-1 , and then raised to 200℃ at the rate of 50℃·min-1 , and maintaining for 4 minutes. The inlet temperature was 200℃, and the detector temperature was 220℃. The split ratio was 1 ∶1 and the injection volume was 1μl. The flow rate was 3 ml· min-1. Results:The linear range of benzene was 0.16-0.96 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 5), the average recovery was 95.7% (RSD =2.1, n=9), and the detection limit was 0.16 ng. The linear range of chlorine alcohol was 16.11-96.65 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 7), the average recovery was 97. 8% (RSD=2. 1, n=9), and the detection limit was 0. 62 ng. The linear range of pyridine was 15. 87-95. 23 μg·ml-1(r=0. 999 8), the average recovery was 99. 2% (RSD=1. 3, n=9), and the detection limit was 0. 15 ng. Con-clusion:The method is reliable, simple, accurate and stable, and suitable for the determination of benzene, chlorine alcohol and pyri-dine residues in piperazine ferulate.

Objective:To establish an HPLC method for the determination of related substances in piperazine ferulate. Methods:An HPLC method was used to determine the related substances in piperazine ferulate. The separation was performed on an Xtimate C18 column (250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was 0. 5% acetic acid-methanol-acetonitrile with gradient elution. The flow rate was 1. 0 ml·min-1 and the column temperature was 30℃. The detection wavelength was 286 nm and the injection volume was 20μl. Results:Ferulic acid had a good linear relationship within the range of 5-30 μg·ml-1(r=1.0000). The detection limit was 0. 02 ng. Conclusion:The method is reliable, simple, accurate, stable and durable, and suitable for the determination of related sub-stances in piperazine ferulate.

Objective To explore the molecular mechanisms of primary amenorrhea by using arrayCGH technology. Methods Ten patients with primary amenorrhea and 10 female volunteers with regular menstrual cycles as healthy controls were selected. All patients and control samples were analyzed by conventional chromosome analysis (G-banding technology) and array-CGH technology, respectively. ArrayCGH was performed using Affymetrix Cytogenetic 2. 7M arrays following the manufacturer's standard protocol. Results Both the patient group and control group analyzed by conventional G-banding karyotype technology showed a negative result with a normal female karyotype: 46, XX. The result of array-CGH analysis demonstrated a microdeletion of approximately 110 000 bp located at the end of the short arm of X chromosome [46, X, del (X) (p22. 33 )] were identified in 5 patients, which was not detected in the control group. All healthy control samples by array-CGH analysis showed no pathological DNA copy number variation. Conclusions Array-CGH technology can improve the diagnosis rate of chromosomal disease at the DNA level. It is necessary to provide array-CGH for higher resolution genetic analysis of idiopathic primary amenorrhea patient who can not be identified by conventional technology.

OBJECTIVETo optimize the ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE) process of polydatin and resveratrol from Polygonum cuspidatum by using uniform design.

METHODOn the basis of single factor screening, the uniform design was adopted for getting the optimal technique parameters. The optimum result of UPE was compared with conventional extractions.

RESULTThe optimal conditions of UPE for polydatin and resveratrol were that the solvent was 55% ethanol, the ratio of solvent to material( mL: g) was 30, the extraction pressure was 170 MPa, and the extraction time was 120 second. With this extracting process, the extraction yield of polydatin and resveratrol were 14.29 and 2.53 mg x g(-1), respectively. The extraction yield of polydatin was 46.1% higher than the heat reflux extraction, 6.4% higher than the ultrasonic extraction and 28.5% higher than the microwave extraction, while the yield of resveratrol was 67.5% higher than the heat reflux extraction, 29.7% higher than the ultrasonic extraction and 24.6% higher than the microwave extraction, respectively.

CONCLUSIONAs a novel extraction technology for Chinese herbal medicine, the UPE procedure has higher extraction yield, lower extracting temperature, shorter extacting time and less power consumption. The UPE has provided a brand-new method for extraction of polydatin and resveratrol from P. cuspidatum.

Calibration ; Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Fallopia japonica ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Pressure ; Reproducibility of Results ; Solvents ; chemistry ; Stilbenes ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Time Factors

Objective To analyze the related factors that influence the stone free rate ( SFR) in flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy ( FURL ) and develop a stone free index ( SFI ) model to estimate and predict the outcome of FURL.Methods A total of 393 patients receiving FURL were included in this study from May 2013 to August 2014.All patients′and calculous characteristics were recorded.It was evaluated the correlation of one-stage SFR with body mass index, the degree of hydronephrosis, the sterile urine, the renal insufficiency, the stone location, the stone number, the cumulative stone diameter ( CSD) , the stone density, the average of CT values, the minimum angle of pelvis ureter long axis with lamp long axis, the average length of stone located calyx-neck, and the minimum ratio of stone located calyx-neck′width with calyx′width.Multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between preoperative characteristics and the SFR.Results The one-stage postoperative SFR in our study was 92.4% ( 363/393).We found that the staghorn stone, bacteriuria, CSD, average of CT values, the average length of stone located calyx-neck, the minimum ratio of stone located calyx-neck′width with calyx′width were significantly correlated with the postoperative SFR ( P <0.05 ) .We used logistic regression analysis to determine statistical significant variables and to create predictable mathematical model.The SFI system was consist of four stone characteristics, including the staghorn stone, the cumulative stone diameter, the average length of stone located calyx-neck, and the minimum ratio of stone located calyx-neck′width with calyx′width.The SFI had a high ROC curve (AUC=0.867) for predicting the one-stage postoperative stone free outcome.SFI score >7.5 meant a relatively high SFR ( SFR>85%) of FURL.Conclusions A SFI model using preclinical data was developed to predict the postoperative outcome of FURL, as well as the one-stage SFR.This model needs further prospective studies in the future.

Objective To study the radiation-protective effect of diallyl disulfide(DADS)in germ cells of male mice. Methods Male mice were whole-body exposured to 4 Gy X-ray irradiation to establish a animal radiation damage model. Testicular histology, sperm motility and sperm deformity rate were observed, protein carbonyl content, malondialdehyde(MDA)and 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine(8-OHdG)content were tested to assess the degrees of radiation damages of sperm cells and protective effect of DADS. Testicular tissue antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px)activity and glutathione(GSH)content were examined. The expression of Nrf2 signal protein was detected to explore the radiation-protective mechanism of DADS. Results Compared with the pure exposure group, the testicular tissue damages in the DADS pretreatment group were milder, sperm motility increased significantly(P< 0.05)and sperm deformity rate decreased(P< 0.05), and the protein carbonyl content, MDA and 8-OHdG levels significantly reduced(P< 0.05). The antioxidant indexes of SOD, CAT, GSH-px and GSH were markedly improved(P< 0.05),and the expression of Nrf2 was dramatically enhanced. Conclusions DADS has a protective effect on acute radiation injury in germ cells of male mice by means of anti-oxidative ability.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Qingkailing injection (QKLI) on complement and RBL-2 H3 cells in virto.

METHODThe mixture of human serums and QKLI were incubated for 30 min in vitro and then the content of SC5 b-9 in the mixture was determined by ELISA. RBL-2 H3 cells were cultured and treated by QKLI. Beta-heosaminidase release rate was measured by coloration method. The content of histamine in supernatant was tested by ELISA.

RESULTThe QKLI can reduce the content of SC5 b-9 (P<0.05) and promote the release of beta-heosaminidase and histamine significantly (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONQKLI didn't induce the complement activation, but induced the release of beta-heosaminidase and histamine directly. Therefore, the clinical adverse reactions of QKLI in clinic may be pseudoallergy which had no relation with the activation of complement system.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Cell Degranulation ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Complement System Proteins ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Hexosaminidases ; secretion ; Histamine Release ; drug effects ; Humans ; Injections ; Rats ; Young Adult

Objective: To analyze and summarize the clinical characteristics of tubercular lymphadenitis, and to improve the ability of diagnosis. Methods: Clinical records of 129 patients first confirmed with tubercular lymphadenitis were collected retrospectively from Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University between January 2012 and December 2016. The categorical variables were described with the percentage (%) and compared with the chi-squaue test. Non-normal distribution data were described with M(P₂₅, P₇₅) and compared with rank sum test. Results: The disease courses were different in all cases, mostly of 1-3 months (45.7%). Among the cases, 83 cases (73.6%) complained of lymph node enlargement. The predominant involved lymph node site was cervical (56.6%) with main presentation of single lymph node (61.2%). Only a few cases presented with fever (34.1%). The positive rate of histological examinations was 94.3%, while the positive rate of T cell spot test of tuberculosis infection (T-SPOT.TB) test was 93.3% and purified protein derivative (PPD) test was 69.6%. In the diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenitis, 100 cases (77.5%) were confirmed by histological examinations, 27 cases (20.9%) were given diagnostic treatment, and only 2 case (1.6%) was confirmed by culture. The average period of diagnosis was (10.4±6.5) days. The median age of patients with fever was 50.5 years old with a median disease course of 2.5 months, while the median age of patients fever was 35(24, 49) years old with a median disease course of 1.2(0.5, 6.0) months. The differences between two groups were statistically significant (Z=-3.118 and -2.982, respectively, both P<0.05). Patients with fever had higher proportion of swollen deep lymph nodes (54.5% vs 11.8%), elevated white blood cell counts (34.1% vs 7.1%) and neutrophils (31.8% vs 1.8%), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (97.1% vs 56.1%), elevated C-reactive protein (95.0% vs 40.0%) and received diagnostic treatment (47.7% vs 7.1%) than patients with no fever (χ²=27.337, 15.545, 13.567, 19.347, 25.410 and 28.974, respectively, all P<0.05). Conclusions Most patients of tubercular lymphadenitis do not present with typical symptoms which might lead to misdiagnose in early stage. The histological examinations and T-SPOT.TB test are especially essential, and histological examinations is the most important diagnostic method. Patients without symptoms of tuberculous poisoning are more common in young people, and the confirmation of diagnosis are mainly based on histological examinations. Patients with symptoms of tuberculous poisoning are more common in middle-aged, with longer duration and deep lymph node involved, which is more serious and nearly half of which are confirmed with diagnostic treatment.

Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of subthreshold micropulse yellow laser (577 nm) in the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with foveal leakage.Methods This was a prospective study of 12 patients (12 eyes) with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).All patients had been treated using multiple spots of subthreshold micropulse yellow laser at 577 nm with a duty cycle of 5％ over areas of focal and diffuse leakage.And lweeks,1 months,3 months,and 6 months after treatment,the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA),central macular thickness (CMT) and reduction in subretinal fluid (SRF) were recorded.Results The mean BCVA measured at 6 months after laser treatment was 0.19 ±0.11,which was in comparison to 0.27 ± 0.08 before laser treatment,and the difference was statistically significant (P =0.016).The mean CMT was significantly reduced from (432.42 ±134.17) μm before laser treatment to (248.75 ±36.06) μm after 6 months (P =0.002).The mean SRF height was significantly decreased from (213.58 ± 132.60) μm at baseline to (17.25 ±21.90) μm (P =0.002).At the last follow-up,the SRF had disappeared completely in 6 out of 12 eyes,but there were still 6 eyes suffering from SRF.There was no evidence of retinal or choroidal damage during 6-month follow up.Conclusion Subthreshold micropulse yellow laser (577 nm) is an effective treatment option for chronic CSC with foveal leakage.