Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is an unique subtype of histone deacetylases with two tandem deacetylase domains and substrate specificity for non-histone proteins. It is involved in many important physiological and pathological processes and has become a promising therapeutic target in recent decades. Different kinds of potent HDAC6-selective inhibitors have been reported around the world. This paper reviews the progress in the study of structure and functions of HDAC6 as well as the development of HDAC6-selective inhibitors.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Histone Deacetylases ; chemistry ; Humans ; Substrate Specificity

Objective To explore the effect of combined application of improved microencapsulation and intravenous injection of donor liver cells and spleen cells on pancreatic islet xenografts. Methods New born male pigs and SD rats were selected as donors and recipients respectively, and pig pancreatic islet cells were microencapsulated by static electricity improvement microencapsulation. Islet transplantation was performed after injection of donor liver cells and spleen cells via tail vein. The changes in blood glucose and serum C-peptide, the function-possessed days of islet xenografts and diabetes rats living period were observed. Results In combined application group, the function-possessed days of islet xenografts and diabetes rats living period were significantly prolonged (P

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) on the ovariangranulosa cell apoptosis-related proteins, Bcl-2 and Bax, as well as the oocyte quality in theolder women with kidney deficiency receiving in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET).MethodSixty-six older women with kidney deficiency who were receiving IVF-ET because of the fallopian tube factor were randomized into a treatment group (intervened by TAES) and a control group (intervened by sham acupuncture), 33 in each group. The kidney-deficiency syndrome score, HCG E2/follicle count per day, excellent follicle rate, excellent embryo rate, and clinical pregnancy rate were observed and compared between the two groups; Western blot was used to detect the expression of protein Bcl-2 and Bax.ResultCompared to the control group, the treatment group had significant improvement in kidney-deficiencysymptoms (P<0.01), significant increases in theHCG E2/follicle count per day, excellent follicle rate, and excellent embryo rate (P<0.05), enhanced expression of Bcl-2 protein (P<0.01), and decreased expression of Bax protein (P<0.01); while there were no significant differences in comparing theretrievedoocyte number and clinical pregnancy rate (P>0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were markedlycorrelatedwith IVF-related indexes (P<0.05).ConclusionTAES can improve the kidney-deficiency symptoms and the quality of oocyte and embryo inolder women; this action is possibly related to the regulation of expression of the cell apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 and Bax, as well as the decrease ofgranulosecell apoptosis.

The Health Anti-poverty Project is a main and effective method for raising the health level of poor areas people and realizing the Healthy China.It is important to construct and improve the health service system of poverty-stricken area by means of strengthening construction of standardized medical and health institutions,public health service network,telemedicine service system,and Chinese medicine service ability,aiming at forming the health service system which is compatible with the local economic development and health needs.The system can ensure the health of people in poverty-stricken areas,and implement the Health for All in China.

Actins ; metabolism ; Angiotensins ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Breast Neoplasms ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cell Proliferation ; Female ; Fibroblasts ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiology ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; therapeutic use ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Prognosis ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism

Objective To study the anatomy of the innervation of hallucis longus muscle,and discuss the clinical value of the innervation.Methods Nineteen limbs of 10 cadavers were studied.There were 4 female cadavers and 6 male cadavers.Nine were left legs and 10 were right legs.The specimens were anatomied to confirm the tibialis anterior,extensor digitorum longus and hallucis longus muscle.The innervation of hallucis longus muscle was been observed along the deep peroneal nerve.Measuring the muscular branches length (nerve length,NL),the distance from the tip of the fibular head to the muscular brance (nerve-fibula head length,NFL),and fibular length (fibula length,FL).The hematoxylin and eosin stain was used to observe the numbers of nerve fascicle for each branch of EHL.Results Twenty-three muscle branches of hallucis longus muscle were found in 19 limbs,15 limbs had a single branch,4 limbs had the double branches.All branches were originated in the deep peroneal nerve.Fourteen branches were into hallucis longus muscle from the fibular side,3 from anterior side,6 from the tibial side.The fibula length was 37.0±1.9 cm (range,34.5-40.6 cm); the nerve-fibula head length was 89.0±5.2 mm (range,75.4-97.2 mm);nerve length was 48.5±5.0 mm (range,33.6-57.4 mm); the nerve-fibula head length/fibula length was 0.245±0.020 (range,0.211-0.280).Among 15 specimens with single branch,3 branches had a unique nerve fascicle and 12 had two fascicles.Among 4 specimens with doulbe branches,only 1 branch had two fascicles,7 branches had a unique fascicle.Conclusion Special anatomical features of muscular branches might be the reason of isolated extensor hallucis longus dysfunction.

Central serous chorioretinopathy( CSC) is an important cause for central vision loss. It mostly occurs in young and middle-aged men. It is a condition characterized by a serous detachment of neurosensory retina at the posterior pole and leakage from the retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) . Most patients with acute CSC will resolve spontaneously. However, in cases of chronic CSC with persistent serous retinal detachment, patients might develop progressive vision loss. This article was made a brief review of the current treatment methods, including laser, photodynamic therapy ( PDT ) , intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy and the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.

As a member of nuclear receptor superfamily, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been shown to regulate numerous metabolic pathways, which include playing an important role in bile acid metabolism, maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis when FXR is activated. With the prevalence of the glucose and lipids disorder, FXR attracts increasing attention. It may be a potential target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders.
Bile Acids and Salts ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the types of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in dentin bonding interface degradation.

METHODSDentin slices were prepared and treated with two adhesive systems (Single Bond 2 or Clearfil S3 Bond). The dentin surface was bonded with composite resin. All specimens were immersed in sterile artificial saliva for 0 or 6 months, and their micro-shear bond strength (muSBS) were measured. The fracture modes were observed through field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Dentin slices with 4 mm x 3 mm x 1 mm dimensions were prepared. The slices were divided into three groups according to the treatment modes (negative control, Single Bond 2, and Clearfil S3 Bond). All specimens were stored in sterile artificial saliva for 0 or 6 months. The concentrations of MMP-1, -2, -3, -8, and -9 of each group were detected through fluorescent microsphere immunoassay.

RESULTSThe muSBS of both adhesive systems significantly decreased after storage aging. Significant differences in failure modes within the four groups tested in this study were observed. Compared with the negative control, the concentrations of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in different adhesive groups showed no significant difference after storage aging. However, the concentrations of MMP-2, -8, and -9 in Single Bond 2 group and the concentrations of MMP-8 and -9 in Clearfil S3 Bond group significantly decreased after 6 months of storage aging.

CONCLUSIONSignificant degradation occur in the dentin bonding interface of both adhesive groups under 6 months aging challenge. The concentrations ofdentinal MMP-2, -8, and -9 significantly decrease after treatment with adhesives and aging, indicating that these MMPs have an important function in dentin bonding interface degradation.

For a long time, limited by the factors such as laparoscopic technology, and limited medical resources , the residents accepting standardized training are lack of mastery of the technology . Meanwhile, it is the key to the training of personnel training and reserve in the field for residents to contact the laparoscope as soon as possible and carry out scientific and effective training. Therefore, based on the traditional method, we have developed a new type of laparoscopic teaching system for the standardized training residents and increased and integrated the LAP GAME R operations training system and the real-time multimedia teaching platform. The preliminary practice effect is good.