Objective To explore whether an individual' s intention to gamble varied across different types of gambling. Methods A total of 373 Macau students completed a questionnaire survey on intention to gamble dealing with thirteen types of gambling,and exploratory factor analyses were conducted. Results The analyses showed two factors that had eigenvalues greater than one and explained a total of 59. 455 percent of the variance,with the largest factor explaining 32.59 percent. Participants' intentions to gamble were relatively lower in gambles of low counterparty with mean scores varying from ( 1.62 ± 1.13 ) to ( 2.20 ± 1.35 ), while the intentions were higher in gambles of high counterparty with mean scores varying from ( 2.34 ± 1. 39 ) to ( 3.02 ± 1.55 ). Conclusion Respondents' degree of intention to gamble was highly domain-specific, varying with the type of gambling.An individual' s intention to gamble is not consistent across all content domains, which implied that a potential gambler is not necessarily intended to gamble in all types of gambling.

Objective　To establish animal model for hypertrophic scar and study the characters of its morphology and collagen metabolism. Methods　A total of 64 round wounds (diameter of 6 mm each) with total skin loss were made on the ventral side of rabbit ear using a trephine. Morphology and collagen metabolism of scar wounds were studied at 14,21,35,70 and 98 days after operation, respectively. Results　There were 76% elevated scars developed (45/59 wounds) on the ventral side of rabbit ear at 21 days and 46% elevated scars disappeared (11/24) at 98 days after operation. There were numerous fibroblast proliferation and whorl-arranged collagen fibers at 21 and 35 days. The number of fibroblast decreased, but irregular-arranged fibers still presented in the elevated scars at 70 and 98 days after operation. Hydroxyproline content in elevated scars at 21 days was higher than that in normal skin (P<0.05), and at 35 days was 3 times as that in normal skin and at 98 days was also markedly higher than that in normal skin (P<0.05). Conclusion　Excessive deposition of collagen is a characteristic of hypertrophic scar in rabbits. The conversion of normal scarring to hypertrophic scarring in rabbits occurs at 14～21 days after operation. Both development and regression of hypertrophic scar in rabbit are quicker than that in human.

Objective To study whether the organs besides digestive system of musca domestica Ⅲ instar larvae have the capability of produceing musca β-glucosidase.Methods Tissues of malpighian tubules,trachea,epiploon and body wall of musca domestica Ⅲ instar lar-vae were dissected under anatomic microscope,and the expression of β-glucosidase gene in these dissected tissues were detected by reverse transcription PCR.And the tissue localization of β-glucosidase mRNA was further identified by in situ hybridization.Moreover,anti-cellulase was used to determinate the tissue distribution with immunohistochemical staining.The relative mRNA expression levels of musca domesticaβ-glucosidase gene in these organs were tested by real-time quantitative PCR.Results The reverse transcription PCR showed that the ampli-fication products of β-glucosidase gene were observed in tissues of malpighian tubules,trachea and body wall.β-glucosidase mRNA was shown in the epithelium cells of malpighian tubules,trachea and body wall by in situ hybridization,and it was almost the same in the results of im-munohistochemical staining.The real-time quantitative PCR showed that the relative expression quantity of β-glucosidase gene in malpighian tubules and body wall were higher than that in foregut,while it was lower in itrachea than that in foregut.And it was of statistical difference in gene expression level of β-glucosidase among these organs (P <0.05).Conclusion Malpighian tubules,trachea and body wall of musca domestica Ⅲ instar larvae have the function of secreting β-glucosidase.Combining with the characteristics of secreting β-glucosidase in most organs of digestive system,it may provide a new biological method for the prevention and treatment of human diseases transmitted by musca domestica with the use of taget gene β-glucosidase.

Objective To detect the type of gene mutation of thalassemia in Kunming city.Methods Sixty-three cases highly suspec-tive of thalassemia were determined with the methods of ploymerase chain reaction(PCR) and reverse dot blot(RDB) for the type of gene mutation.Results According to gene analysis,35 cases were final diagnosed from 63 cases suspective of thalassemia.Among the total,4 cases were gene deficiency ?-thalassemia,and 30 cases were gene deficiency ?-thalassemia,and there was 1 case both ?-thalassemia and ?-thalassemia.There were 9 types of gene mutation with 15 gene combinations in 35 samples.The main type of ?-thalassemia was--SEA/??,there were 6 types with 11 gene combinations from the types of genes of ?-thalassemia,the highest incidence of gene mutation was 17 site,including 17 site homozygote,heterozygote and double heterozygote.Conclusions The thalassemia invasion of Yunnan has its characters,and it is valuable to launch further research.In the same patient,there are ?-thalassemia and ?-thalassemia,it signifies that those 2 types should be diagnosed in the same time,to prevent missed diagnosis.

Objective To study the value of DSA for hepatic vascular anatomy,and to evaluate the efficacy of portal vein occlusion in rabbits with hepatic VX2 tumor.Methods Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups with 10 in each group,including test group A and positive control group B of ham operation.For the test group A,portal branch ligation(PBL)was performed for the left external branch after 3 weeks of the tumor implantation to the left external lobe.Two weeks later,the DSA of hepatic artery and portal vein were performed in all of the rabbits.Results The total displaying effectiveness of the branches of hepatic artery by DSA was better than that by vascular perfusion.There was hypovascular blood supply to hepatic artery implantation of the tumor in the test group A,comparing with that of the group B.Conclusion DSA can clearly display spacial details of the hepatic vascular anatomy in rabbits,and play an important role in post-procedual evaluation of the portal vein occlusion in rabbits.

Objective　To explore the relationship between hemolymph phenol oxidase and the melanization of Plasmodium yoelii oocysts in Anopheles dirus. Methods　An Anopheles dirus-Plasmodium yoelii system was used Anopheles dirus were divided into 3 groups, that is, non-blood-fedding (N), normal-blood-fedding (B) and infected-blood-fedding (I). The activities of MPO and o-DPO in hemolymph from 3 groups were determined with native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and density scanning at 5, 7, 11 and 15 d after blood feeding. Results　Both MPO and o-DPO activity were significantly higher in group I than group N and B (P<0.05). But with the melanization of Plasmodium yoelii oocysts, both MPO and o-DPO activity in group I were decreased in comparison with group N, especially on the 15 th day after infected-blood feeding. MPO and o-DPO activity in group B were significantly stronger than those of group N. Conclusion　Blood feeding and infection of Plasmodium yoelii both can activate the cascade. The heamolymph phenol oxidase may play an important role in the melanization of Plasmodium yoelii oocysts in Anopheles dirus.

OBJECTIVETo study the role of the HBV-infected mothers' PBMC in intrauterine transmission of HBV to their fetuses.

METHODSThirty pregnant women with serum HBV DNA negative and PBMC HBV DNA positive and their newborns were used as the study group. Ten pregnant women with serum HBV negative and their infants served as the control group. HBV DNA in serum and in PBMC was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction (n-PCR). The mothers' PBMC in newborns' peripheral blood was examined using heminested-PCR.

RESULTSFour newborns were serum HBV DNA positive and 8 newborns were HBV DNA positive in PBMC in the study group. Among them, 2 newborns were HBV DNA positive in both serum and PBMC, 6 cases were positive in PBMC only, and 2 cases were positive in serum only. Five mothers had the GSTM1 gene; and it was not detected in 3 newborns. Among the 8 newborns with HBV DNA positive in PBMC, 3 did not have the GSTM1 gene, at the same time their mothers possessed the GSTM1 gene. Mothers' PBMC were detected in all of these three newborns' peripheral blood. HBV DNA in serum and in PBMC of the control group infants were all negative.

CONCLUSIONHBV-infected PBMC of the mother may serve as a vector in HBV intrauterine infection.

Adult ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; Female ; Hepatitis B virus ; isolation & purification ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; blood ; transmission ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; virology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ; virology

OBJECTIVETo study serum acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) and complement 3 (C3) levels and their relationship with blood lipids in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS).

METHODSBlood samples were obtained from 35 PNS children with proteinuria, 25 children with PNS at remission and 35 body mass index-matched healthy children (control group). Fasting serum ASP, C3, albumin and blood lipids were measured.

RESULTSThe serum ASP levels in the proteinuria group (101 ± 22 nmol/L) were significantly higher than those in the remission group (32 ± 8 nmol/L) and the control group (33 ± 8 nmol/L) (P<0.01). Serum C3 levels were not significantly different among the three groups. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B increased, in contrast, serum albumin level decreased significantly in the proteinuria group when compared with the remission and the control groups. Serum ASP levels were positively correlated with serum C3 (r=0.661; P<0.05) and triglyceride levels (r=0.354; P<0.05), whereas serum C3 levels were not correlated with serum triglyceride levels (r=0.319, P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe increased serum ASP level may be associated with a complemental mechanism against hyperlipidemia in children with PNS.

Child, Preschool ; Complement C3 ; analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; blood ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; blood ; Serum Albumin ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo compare the pathologic diagnosis and immunohistochemistry of small cell malignant tumors (SCMT) of bone using both core needle biopsy and surgical specimen.

METHODSSeventy-seven cases of SCMT with core needle biopsies and surgical specimens available were respectively analyzed by histologic examination and immunohistochemical study, with literature review.

RESULTSThe male-to-female ratio was 48:29. The age of the patients ranged from 6 to 73 years. The tumors studied included Ewing sarcoma/PNET (n = 38), myeloma (n = 23), lymphoma (n = 10), small cell osteosarcoma (n = 2), small cell carcinoma (n = 2) and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (n = 2). The tumors involved limbs, axial skeleton and flat bones. Microscopically, the tumors shared similar histology, with small round cells and spindly cells arranged in diffuse sheets. The pathologic diagnosis by core needle biopsies correlated with that by surgical specimens in 84.4% (65/77) of the cases.

CONCLUSIONSSCMT represents a heterogeneous group of malignancy. Correlations with clinicoradiologic findings and application of ancillary investigations including immunohistochemistry and molecular study are important for definitive diagnosis. Pathologic diagnosis using core needle biopsies shows good results and provides useful information for surgical planning.

12E7 Antigen ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Biopsy, Large-Core Needle ; Bone Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cell Adhesion Molecules ; metabolism ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphoma ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion ; metabolism ; Osteosarcoma ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Plasmacytoma ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1 ; metabolism ; RNA-Binding Protein EWS ; metabolism ; Retrospective Studies ; Sarcoma, Ewing ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Vimentin ; metabolism ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo measure levels of cytokines including IL-1β, IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-α in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and to analyze their correlation with clinical indices such as infection and onset time.

METHODSA total of 33 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes were assigned to the case group, and 27 healthy children to the control group. The case group was further divided into increased white blood cell (WBC) and normal WBC subgroups according to peripheral WBC level. The serum levels of cytokines including IL-1β, IL-12, IL-18 and TNF-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood pH, blood sugar, blood lactate, fructosamine, peripheral leukocytes and neutrophils and some other clinical indices were also measured.

RESULTSThe level of IL-12 in the case group was higher than in the control group (P<0.001). In the case group, the level of IL-18 was negatively correlated with onset time (r=0.413, P=0.015), the neutrophil count was positively correlated with IL-1β level (r=0.413, P=0.023) and the WBC count was positively correlated with IL-18 level (r=0.352, P=0.038). IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-18 levels in the increased WBC subgroup were higher than in the normal WBC subgroup (P<0.05 for all comparisons).

CONCLUSIONSCytokine secretion disorders of Th1 cells exist in children with type 1 diabetes. Infections may induce cytokine secretion and might contribute to the early onset of diabetes.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cytokines ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Th1 Cells ; immunology