Aged ; Anthracosis ; complications ; Catheterization ; Drainage ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pleural Effusion ; etiology ; therapy ; Pneumothorax ; etiology ; therapy ; Retrospective Studies

Animals ; Autophagy ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia ; physiopathology ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; physiopathology

Objective To investigate the expressions of glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP) in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala in post-stroke depression (PSD) in rats. Methods Healthy adult SD rats w ere randomly divided into a normal group, a depression group, a stroke group, and a PSD group ( n=5 in each group). A model of focal cerebral ischemia w as induced by the intraluminal suture method in the stroke group;a rat chronic stress depression model was induced by using chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) combined w ith single housing in the depression group;a model of focal cerebral ischemia w as induced by the intraluminal suture method in the PSD group. A rat PSD model w as induced by CUMS and single housing at 1 week after operation. The sucrose preference test (SPT) was performed in each group at day 1, 8, 15, and 29 after the first CUMS, and the open-field test ( OFT ) w as used to evaluate the depressive behaviors. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of GFAP in the prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus and amygdala at day 29. Results At day 29 after CUMS, the sucrose solution consumption in SPT and the scores of horizontaland vertical movement in OFT in the depression group and PSD group w ere decreased significantly compared w ith the normal group and the stroke group (al P<0.05);the numbers of GFAP immunopositive cel s in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala in the PSD group w ere significantly less than those in the normal group, depression group and stroke group (al P<0.05), and there w ere no significant differences among the normal group, depression group and stroke group (al P>0.05). Conclusion The decreased expression of GFAP in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdale may play a certain role in the process of PSD.

Objective To explore the proliferation of microglia in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala of the post-stroke depression (PSD) in rats.To understand the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of PSD.Methods The adult female SD rats were divided into four groups(n=5 per group):normal control group,depression group,stroke group and PSD group.In the depression group,the depression model rat were established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) combined with separately breeding.In the stroke group,focal cerebral ischemic rat models were established with thread embolization method.In the PSD group,focal cerebral ischemic models rat were established with thread embolization method firstly,and then PSD models rat were established with comprehensive chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) and separately breeding on this basis.After the procedure,rats were subjected to sucrose preference test and open field test.At the postoperative eighth weekend,immunofluorescence technology was used to detect the proliferation changes of OX42 positive cells in the frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale.Results At the 29th day after CUMS,the sucrose solution consumption ((23.8±0.8) ％),horizontal movement distance of open field test ((63.0± 1.2) cm) and vertical movement distance ((25.0± 1.0) cm) in PSD group were significantly lower than those in normal group((31.2± 1.9) ％;(69.8±2.3) cm;(31.0± 1.6) cm) and depression group((31.0±1.4) ％;(70.2±2.4) cm;(30.8± 1.1) cm) (P＜0.05).The number of OX42 positive cells of frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale in PSD group((20.8±2.6);(20.2±1.3);(19.8±2.6))increased significantly compared with those of normal group((7.4±2.3);(8.0± 1.6);(9.4±2.1)),depression group((8.0±2.0);(7.8 ±2.2);(9.2±1.9))and stroke group((9.6±1.1);(9.4±2.2);(10.2±2.6)) (all P＜0.05).Conclusion The number of microglia in PSD group in the emotional disorders related brain areas(the frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale) increases obviously and the increased expression of microglia in the emotional disorders related brain areas may be responsible for the pathogenesis of PSD.

Objective To explore the expression of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala of the post-stroke depression (PSD) model rats,and to understand the role of oligodendrocytes in the pathogenesis of PSD.Methods Healthy adult SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,depression group,stroke group,and PSD group (n =5 in each group).In the stroke group,focal cerebral ischemic rat model was made with thread embolization method.In the depression group,the depression model rats were made by chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) combined with separately breeding.In the PSD group,focal cerebral ischemic rat model was made with thread embolization method firstly,and then PSD rat model was established with comprehensive chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and separately breeding on this basis.After the procedure,rats were subjected to sucrose preference test (SPT) and open field test (OFT).Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala at day 29.Results On the 29th day after CUMS,comparing the sucrose solution consumption,horizontal movement distance of open field test and vertical movement distance of the each group,the depression((26.6± 1.1)％,(63.6±2.3)cm,(26.4±1.1)cm) and the PSD groups((23.8±0.8)％,(63.0± 1.2) cm,(25.0± 1.0) cm) were significantlylower than normal ((31.2± 1.9) ％,(69.8± 2.3) cm,(31.0 ± 1.6) cm) and the stroke groups ((31.0± 1.4) ％,(70.2±2.4) cm,(30.8 ± 1.1) cm) (P＜ 0.05).Comparing the expression of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala of the each group,the number of the stroke((16.60± 1.82),(14.60±1.82),(15.00±2.12)),depression((16.40±2.07),(14.80±2.17),(15.80±2.28)) and the PSD groups((12.40± 1.52),(11.20± 1.48),(10.80± 1.92)) were significantly less than that in normal group((20.40±3.51),(18.20±2.59),(19.00±2.55)),and the number of expression CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the PSD group was significantly less than that in stroke and depression groups(all P＜0.05).Conclusion The number of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in PSD group in the emotional disorders related brain areas (the frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale) reduced obviously,and the oligodendrocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PSD.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that Gingko biloba leaf extract (GbE) is effective in promoting the functions recovery of the brain that follows traumatic injury, in improving the dysfunctions of learning and memory of the elderly, and it is also effective in improving the plasticity in central nervous system (CNS). However, what is the effect on learning and memory functions of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus?OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of GbE on the learning and memory dysfunction and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expressions in hippocampus of diabetic rats.DESIGN: Complete-random design, controlled experimental study.SETTING: Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University.MATERIALS: A total of 84 male Wistar rats (180-220 g), 8 weeks old,SPF, were used in this study. GbE (containing 24.8% flavone glycosides and 6.2% diterpene lactone) was purchased from Guilin Xintejia Natural plants Pharmaceutical Factory, Guangxi Province, Lot No. 200405.METHODS: The experiment was completed at the Pharmacology Lab (Provincial Lab) of the Experimental Center of Guangxi Medical University from June 2004 to March 2005. ① A total of 70 rats were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 55 rmg/kg dissolved in citrate buffer (pH4.4) after 24 hours fasting. Tail vein blood glucose concentration was determined 4 days later using ONE TOUCH glucose meter. A total of 56 streptozotocin-treated rats with a blood glucose concentration of ＞ 15 mmol/L were recognized as type 2 diabetic rats. ② These diabetic rats were randomly divided into model group, insulin group, high-dose GbE group, and low-dose GbE group. There were 14 rats in each group. There was no difference in the blood glucose concentration among the groups. Another 14 male rats with an intraperitoneal injection of citrate buffer solution were served as control group. After division, drugs were given. Insulin 10 μ/kg was injected subcutaneously every day for 6 months. GbE 100 mg/kg and GbE 50 mg/kg were administered through intra-gastric method every day for 6 months.The diabetic group and control group were administered normal solution through intra-gastric method every day for 6 months. ③ Six months later,Morris water maze was operated on each group of rats. The Morris water maze consisted of a large circular pool [100 cmdimension, 60 cm height,filled to a depth of 42 cm with water at (25±1) ℃]. Within the pool a submerged platform (round, black, 8 cm diameter, 2 cm below the water surface) was hidden on a fixed location, 20 cm from the edge of the pool,in which milk powder was dissolved to obscure the platform. The rat could climb on the platform to escape from the necessity of swimming. The rats were trained to locate the hidden platform. The animals were received 4 trials (2 in the morning, and 2 in the afternoon) per day on 4 consecutive days. The rat was given a maximum of 90 s to find the hidden platform.On the 5th day, the rat's learning ability was examined by observing the time to find the hidden platform (escape latency) in 90 s and the platformfinding strategy (prompt and straight way, marked 4 scores; hesitating first and then straight way, marked 3 scores; random way, marked 2 scores;aimless way and around the pool border, marked 1 score). On the 8th day,the escape latency and the platform-finding strategy were observed to examine the rat's memory level. ④ After the Morris water maze test, 8 rats of each group were sacrificed by decapitation for RT-PCR of GFAP mRNA expression, and 6 rats of each group were sacrificed for immunohistochemistry of GFAP protein expression. GFAP mRNA expression level was analyzed by the expression ratio of the interest GFAP to the control β-actin according to the computer image analysis. The GFAP protein expression was analyzed by the volume density of GFAP in hippocampus. ⑤ Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and q-test.MAIN OUTCOME MESURES: The effects of GbE-on the performances of the water maze Morris of type 2 diabetic rats and both GFAP mRNA and protein expressions in hippocampus.RESULTS: A total of 14 streptozotocin-treated rats with a blood glucose concentration of ＜ 15 mmol/L were rejected from the study. ① The performance of diabetic rats in the Morris water maze was significantly impaired compared to control group, the results on the 5th day and the 8th day showed that both escape latency and platform-finding strategy scores were decreased (P ＜ 0.01). The escape latency of both insulin treatment and GbE treatments on the 5th day and the 8th day was shorter than that of diabetic group, the platform-finding strategy scores was higher than that of diabetic group (P ＜ 0.05-0.01). There was no marked difference among the insulin treatment and GbE treatments groups in performance of the water maze Morris (P ＞ 0.05). ② The levels of both GFAP mRNA and protein expressions in hippocampus: Statistical analyses indicated that the level of GFAP mRNA expression of diabetic rats was significantly higher than that of the 3 other groups (P ＜ 0.01). Compared to control group, the diabetic rats showed a high immunoreactivity, the GFAP body was enlarged markedly, apophysis was obviously longer, the expressed numbers were increased, and the volume density of GFAP was also increased significantly (P ＜ 0.01). Compared to the diabetic group, the insulin treatment and GbE treatments groups showed a low immunoreactivity, the GFAP body was markedly smaller, apophysis was obviously shorter, the expressed numbers were decreased, and the volume density of GFAP was also decreased significantly (P ＜ 0.01). There were no marked differences in both GFAP mRNA and protein expressions among the insulin treatment and GbE treatments groups (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: There is cognition impairment in type 2 diabetic rats, the responsive GFAP may take a part in the progress of the learning and memory dysfunction. GbE can decrease markedly the reactive hypertrophy of astrocytes of diabetic hippocampus and improve the learning and memory dysfunction in diabetic rats.

Objective To develop a portable automatic tourniquet.Methods Using microcomputer and pressure sensor,the pressure and hemostatic time of current pressurized tourniquet were controlled.Results Portable automatic tourniquet was composed of gasbag pressurized bandage,electric micro-pump,pressure sensor,preamplifier,impact damper,A/D converter,single-chip micro-computer controller,data memory,keyboard and its interface circuit,display and its interface circuit,photoelectronic control circuit,etc.Conclusion Portable automatic tourniquet is small,light,safe and convenient.Besides,rapid hemostasia and automatically controlled & stable pressure enable it to be used both in the war and at peace time.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2008,29(2):21-23]

Animals ; Hypertension ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Male ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; genetics ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Rats, Inbred WKY ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective To explore the function and significance of caudal type homeobox transcription factor-2 (CDX)-2,heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) of esophageal stromal tissues in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus (BE).Methods A total of 116 patients were divided into groups according to gastroscopic finds and hematoxylin-eosin (H &E) staining of biopsy samples.They were divided into control group (n=29),RE group (n=32),BE group (n=35),RE treatment group (n=10) and BE treatment group (n=10).The expression of CDX 2,HB-EGF and BMP-4 in different esophageal mucosal lesions was detected by immunohistochemical staining and the changes of positive expression levels of CDX-2,HBEGF and BMP 4 were compared among groups.Variance analysis and chi-square analysis were performed to analyze the correlation among the three factors.Results The CDX-2 positive cell number of control group ((0.0±0.0)/high power field(HPF)),RE group ((43.1±10.6)/HPF),and BE group ((67.8±11.3)/HPF) increased in turn,and the differences among three groups were statistically significant (F=67.664,P＜0.01).The HBEGF positive ((6.4±1.4)/HPF,(39.4±13.5)/HPF,(55.8±13.9)/HPF) and BMP 4 positive ((0.0±0.0)/HPF,(22.6±6.4)/HPF and ((25.1± 10.3)/HPF) cell number of three groups had the same trend and the differences among three groups were statistically significant (F HB-EGF =22.925,FBMP-4 =10.463,both P＜0.01).Except the expression of BMP-4 between RE group and BE group,there were significant differences between every other two groups (LSD test,all P＜ 0.01).The expression of CDX 2,HB EGF,BMP-4 in RE treatment group ((21.7±1.7)/HPF,(16.6±5.0)/HPF and (9.2±1.0)/HPF) and BE treatment group ((51.4±8.7)/HPF,(31.0± 10.4)/HPF and (12.7±3.9)/HPF) were lower than those in RE group and BE group respectively,the differences were also statistically significant (LSD test,all P＜0.05).In RE group,the positive rate of CDX-2 (31.2％ (10/32)) was significantly lower than that of HBEGF and BMP4 (62.5％ (20/32) and 56.2％(18/32)),and the differences were statistically significant (x2=6.275 and 4.063,both P＜0.05).However in BE group,there was no statistically significant difference in the positive rate among CDX-2(85.7％(30/35)),HB-EGF (88.6％(31/35)) and BMP-4 (74.3％(26/35),all P＞0.05).Conclusions CDX-2,HB-EGF and BMP-4 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RE and BE.HB-EGF and BMP-4 may be involved in the early episodes of BE genesis and have promotion effects on CDX-2 expression.HB-EGF and BMP-4 may be the new target in the research and treatment of BE.

Objective To explore the application of question-based lectures made by students in teaching chapter of nuclear chemical and biological weapon damage among field military nursing.Methods The participants were junior students of four-year undergraduate program.Questions on emergency treatment and care of chemical and biological weapon damage were proposed after a lecture by teacher.Students were divided into three groups after class and each group was assigned to a lecture on emergency treatment and care of one kind of weapon damage.Students had to collect information and prepare PPT for the next lecture.After lectures given by students at next class,discussion on the lectures was organized and comments were given by teachers.Results All students approved this kind of teaching activities,97.44％ believed that it can arouse their interest in study,94.87％ participated in the collection of data,89.74％ took part in the discussion,and 87.18％ obtained the sense of achievements.Conclusion Question-based lectures made by students are helpful in stimulating their interest in learning,cultivating their abilities of acquiring and applying knowledge.The teaching activities achieve the preferable results through proper application and meticulous organization.