BACKGROUND: Research on selective attention of mobile visual information is relatively scarce because of difficulties in technology, methodology and experimental condition control. As is well known, most visual information in the real world is mobile and changeable. To examine the mechanism of mobile visual information is helpful to designing natural and highly efficient human-computer interface as well as selecting specialized personnel in special fields OBJECTIVE: To explore the distractive effect of the number, color, and form changes of distractors on multiple-target tracking performance. DESIGN: The present study was a 3 × 2 × 2 within subject design. Participants were undergraduates from Beijing Normal University.SETTING: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University.PARTICIPANTS: The experiment was performed in the Experimental Psychology Lab of Beijing Normal University in April 2003. Twenty-four undergraduates from Beijing Normal University participated in the experiment. Among them there were 11 males and 13 females aged 17-25 years.They all reported normal or corrected-to-normal vision and normal color perception.METHODS: ① Stimuli were presented on a 17-inch Founder monitor with the resolution of 1028 × 800 pixels. A Founder computer controlled the stimulus presentation and randomization of trials. Response latencies were collected by keyboard response with accuracy of one millisecond. The stimuli were randomly moving "日" characters. The number of "日" characters is 4, 8 and 12. As the participants were tracking the objects, the targets would transform to "(│)" and "(│)", and the distractors would change to "(│)" , "(│)", or "H" by removing lines from "日 ". All distractors and targets were red at the beginning of moving. ② The correct responses were analyzed with 3-factor repeated measures analysis of variance, multiple comparison analysis, and pairwise T-test.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Response time and accuracy of pressing the keys.RESULTS: The data of 24 participants were involved in the final statistical analysis. ① The three-factor repeated measures ANOVA results showed that the main effect of the number change of distractors was significant [F(1,22)=6.040, P ＜ 0.05]. The further ANOVA and pairwise comparison in different experiment conditions also showed no distractive effects when target and distractor had different shape but the same color [F(1,2,3)=9.965, P ＜ 0.01]. The further pairwise comparison indicated that when the number of distractors was 2 and 6, the participants' response latencies had no significant effects, and they had significant effect when the number of distractors was 2 and 10, or 6 and 10 (RT10-RT2=46 ms, P ＜ 0.05, two-tail test; RT10-RT6=28ms, P ＜ 0.05, one-tail test). These results showed that the increase in the number of distractors had distractive effects. ② There had no significant effect whether target and distractor had the same color or not, when the number of distractors was 2 and 10. And there had significant effects whether the color of target and distractor was the same or not when the number of distractors was 6; the same shape of target and distractor produced distractive effects (Tsame colons=1.926; Tdifferent colons=2.044,P ＜ 0.05, one-tail test). The main effect of the color was not significant. The further pairwise comparison showed the same result. That is,the color change of diatractors had no obvious distractive effect.CONCLUSION: ① There was distractive effect when the number of distractors increased while the shape and color of distractor and target were different. ② There was no distractive effect when the number of distractors increased while the shape of distractor and target was the same. ③ There was distractive effect when the number of distractors increased while the shape of distractor and target was different, and there was distractive effect when the color of distractor and target was the same.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; RNA ; administration & dosage ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry

Breast Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Comparative Genomic Hybridization ; methods ; DNA, Neoplasm ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Dosage ; Humans ; Prognosis

To modify uricase with PEG reagent in order to decrease uricase immunogenieity and increase its stability.Methods:The branched PEG of 40 kD was chosen to modify native uricase.The properties of the mod-ified uricase including the stabilities to protease,pH and temperature,in vivo half-life time,as well as the immu-nogenicity were evaluated.The pharmacokinetic profiles of the midofied uricase were studied in mice.Results:It is demonstrated that the conjugation of PEG to lysine residues of Candida utilis uricase resulted in higher tryp-sin resistance.reduced immune response.and prolonged in vivo half-life.PEG modified uricase retained 80% of the enzymatic activity of native uricase.In addition,it was found that half-life in serum of the intravenously injec-ted PEGylated uriease of up to 696 min was longer that that of native uficase of 45 min.Higher plasma drug con-centrations were also reached with dosing of the PEGylated uricase to mice.Furthermore,the binding affinity Was shown to be reduced for the PEG-uricase using ELISA assay.and it was one-eishth that of native uricase.Final-ly,it Was indicated that the PEG uficase induced a delayed immunoresponse in mice following repeated adminis-trations.Conclusion:These findings demonstrate that this chemically modified form of uricase may serve as a potentially effective drug to treat gout patients.

Objective To explore the attitudes towards the Smoking Ban policy and the bias in different levels of related society sanctions so as to provide evidence for implementing anti-smoking measures in the public places.Methods A multi-univariate-multilevel logistic model was developed to find the relation between penalty attitudes and the covariates' effects.Results 74.6％ (3647/4892) and 61.2％ (2994/4892) of the residents agreed to punish either the managers of public places or to the smokers.The two kinds of attitude were associated (x2 =1253.45,P＜0.0001 ).Residents being female,aged between thirty and fifty-nine years old,having had higher than college education,being non-current smokers,with high scores on knowledge of tobacco control,tended to have the attitude of punishing the public place managers and smokers.However,those persons exposed to everyday secondhand smoke or being non-current smokers,tended to punish the smokers in the generalized Wald test.Conclusion There was strong evidence noticed that most of the residents in Guangzhou had supported the ‘tobacco control penalty'.Factors as age,sex,level of education received,knowledge on hazards of smoking,being current smokers and under secondhand smoke exposure were the influencing factors.Non-current smokers and those who exposed to secondhand smoke everyday,would prefer to take different penalties policies.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of therapy of tonifying kidney,activating bone-marrow, and unblocking collaterals for patients with chronic aplastic anemia (CAA), and to investigate its effect on thromboelastogram platelet maximum amplitude (Ma) value for exlporing its therapeutic mechanism. Methods Sixty CAA patients were randomized into trial group and control group, 30 cases in each group. The control group was given oral use of Stanozolol and Cyclosporin A, and the trial group was orally given the recipe with the actions of tonifying kidney,activating bone-marrow,and unblocking collaterals,which is mainly composed of Radix Rehmanniae,Radix Rehmanniae Preparata,Caulis Spatholobi,Semen Cuscutae,Fructus Lycii,Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, Herba Ecliptae, Pheretima, and Semen Strychni Preparata. The clinical efficacy was evaluated after treatment,and peripheral hemogram and thromboelastogram Ma value of the two groups were compared before and after treatment. Results (1)The trial group had better western medicine therapeutic effect and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)syndrome therapeutic effect than the control group, the difference being signficant (P < 0.01).(2) After treatment, TCM syndrome scores, parameters of blood routine test,thromboelastogram Ma value of the two groups were improved compared with those before treatment (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01),and the improvement in the trial group was superior to that in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion Therapy of tonifying kidney, activating bone-marrow, and unblocking collaterals is effective on improving blood coagulation function by increasing the quality and amount of platelet.

OBJECTIVETo study glycyrrhizin's anticancer effect and its mechanism.

METHODS3-methylcholanthrene were injected into mice's submandibular glands to induce tumor, then transplanted the tumor pieces (1 mm3) to mice. The transplanted tumors were measured, and flow cytometry analysis and cytomorphology observation were conducted.

RESULTSGlycyrrhizin (GL) inhibited the transplanted mandibular gland fibro-sarcoma of mice and the suitable GL dose for inhibiting fibrosarcoma of mice was 1.61 mg per 20 g weight. The GL dose below 3.22 mg per 20 g weight didn't produce remarkable toxicity and side effects. GL induced cytomorphological changes of tumor cells and enhanced immunosuppression of macrophage on fibrosarcoma. The result of flow cytometry showed that tumor cell counts of GL1 and GL2 groups increased remarkably in DNA synthetic prophase, and decreased in DNA synthetic phase.

CONCLUSIONGL can inhibit transplanted mandibular gland fibro-sarcoma of mice. The anticancer mechanism of GL may be acting on related enzymes with phagocytosis. The result of flow cytometry showed that the shift of fibrosarcoma cells from G1 phase to S phase was blocked. This suggests that the anticancer action of GL is related to its inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme in DNA synthesis.

Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; DNA, Neoplasm ; biosynthesis ; Fibrosarcoma ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Glycyrrhizic Acid ; pharmacology ; Macrophages ; physiology ; Male ; Methylcholanthrene ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Phagocytosis

OBJECTIVETo observe the therapeutic effect of Shennong No. 33 (SN33) in treating multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) by APACHE II and APACHE II scoring.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-nine patients of MODS were randomly divided into the treated group (n = 72) and the control group (n = 57), they were treated with comprehensive therapy and to the treated group, SN33 was given additionally. The changes of APACHE II and APACHE III scores and blood endotoxin level were observed at the time points of within 24 hrs after hospitalization, and the 3rd, 5th and 7th day.

RESULTSIn the treated group, 50 patients survived and 22 died, while in the control group, 25 survived and 32 died. The APACHE II and APACHE III scores of the survivors were higher than those of the decedent (P<0.05), which in the treated group was lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The blood level of endotoxin in the treated group was also lower than that in the control group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSN33 in treating MODS could improve patients' condition, lead to the lowering of APACHE scores. APACHE scoring system could be applied as the criteria for evaluating the condition and prognosis of critical patients, and the APACHE III scoring is more accurate.

APACHE ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Endotoxins ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Organ Failure ; drug therapy ; Phytotherapy

Objective To analyze the awareness on health among high school students and its influencing factors in Guangdong. Methods Multi-stage sampling and questionnairs "2009 health awareness survey of the Chinese citizens" developed by our Department of Health, were used. Data were analyzed by multivariate multilevel model under MLwinN 2.19 software. Results The mean scores on knowledge and ideas, behaviors and related skills among 1606 high school students of Guangdong province, were 69.08 ± 14.81,60.05 ± 16.85 and 74.99 ± 21.17 respectively. Three items on health showed that they all related to each other and relations between grades (0.972,0.715 and 0.855) were greater than the individuals (0.565,0.426 and 0.438). Conclusion Factors as students from outside the Pearl River Delta region or from the rural areas, being male, at general secondary schools, at grade one, with poor academic performance and more pocket money etc., had lower levels on those related information of health.

Objective To investigate the effects of cognitive interventions (CIs) in the context of communi- ty based rehabilitation (CBR) on cognitive deficits (CDs) in stroke patients.Methods Ninety-two stoke patients with CDs were randomly divided into a CI group and a control group.All patients were treated with conventional CBR.In addition,the patients in the CI group were also treated with special intervention therapy.The patients in both groups were assessed with the neurological and cognitive status examination (NCSE) for cognitive functioning, the FCA for motor function and the BI for their ability in the activities of daily living.Results The NCSE,FCA and BI scores in the cognitive intervention group after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment and also significantly higher than those in the control group after treatment.Conclusion CIs can not only improve CDs,but also enhance recovery of motor function and ADL.