Objective To analyze the factors related to glare occurred after the phakic intraocular lens (P-IOL) implantation,and to raise the standard for the P-IOL selection.Design Retrospective case series.Participants 104 patients with high myopia underwent P-IOL implantation in Beijing Tongren Hospital.Methods In 104 cases,22 cases (22 eyes) were implanted angle supported Phakic6 designed accord with corneal symmetry,54 cases (54 eyes) were implanted iris fixed Verisyse,and 28 cases (28 eyes) were implanted posterior chamber PRL.Selection of the diameter of P-IOL optics depended on P-IOL diopters.The pupil diameter,the P-IOL optic center position,the pupil and corneal center position were measured with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT).The contrast sensitivity (CS) under different condition (day,day and glare,night,night and glare) and in different space frequency (1.5,3,6, 12,18c/d)were examined with Optec6500 system.Main Outcome Measures Glare incidence,CS,and the influence of pupil diameter and P-IOL location to glare.Results None of the 104 P-IOL eyes occurred glare in day time.59 eyes (56.73%) complained of glare in dime condition.The glare incidence was 63.18% (14/22) in Phakic6 eyes,55.56% (30/54) in Verisyse eyes,and 53.27% (15/28) in PRL eyes (P=0.691).CS of all surgical eyes were improved in day time with or without glare luminous environment (P=0.000).And the CS of halo-complaining eyes was lower than of no halo eyes in night time with or without glare luminous environment (P=0.000).Glare oc- curred more frequently in eyes with the pupil diameter larger than P-IOL diameter in clime condition after surgery (10 in Phakic6 eyes, 20 in Verisyse eyes,12 in PRL eyes,all P

Objective To explore the proliferation of microglia in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala of the post-stroke depression (PSD) in rats.To understand the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of PSD.Methods The adult female SD rats were divided into four groups(n=5 per group):normal control group,depression group,stroke group and PSD group.In the depression group,the depression model rat were established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) combined with separately breeding.In the stroke group,focal cerebral ischemic rat models were established with thread embolization method.In the PSD group,focal cerebral ischemic models rat were established with thread embolization method firstly,and then PSD models rat were established with comprehensive chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) and separately breeding on this basis.After the procedure,rats were subjected to sucrose preference test and open field test.At the postoperative eighth weekend,immunofluorescence technology was used to detect the proliferation changes of OX42 positive cells in the frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale.Results At the 29th day after CUMS,the sucrose solution consumption ((23.8±0.8) ％),horizontal movement distance of open field test ((63.0± 1.2) cm) and vertical movement distance ((25.0± 1.0) cm) in PSD group were significantly lower than those in normal group((31.2± 1.9) ％;(69.8±2.3) cm;(31.0± 1.6) cm) and depression group((31.0±1.4) ％;(70.2±2.4) cm;(30.8± 1.1) cm) (P＜0.05).The number of OX42 positive cells of frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale in PSD group((20.8±2.6);(20.2±1.3);(19.8±2.6))increased significantly compared with those of normal group((7.4±2.3);(8.0± 1.6);(9.4±2.1)),depression group((8.0±2.0);(7.8 ±2.2);(9.2±1.9))and stroke group((9.6±1.1);(9.4±2.2);(10.2±2.6)) (all P＜0.05).Conclusion The number of microglia in PSD group in the emotional disorders related brain areas(the frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale) increases obviously and the increased expression of microglia in the emotional disorders related brain areas may be responsible for the pathogenesis of PSD.

Objective To explore the expression of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala of the post-stroke depression (PSD) model rats,and to understand the role of oligodendrocytes in the pathogenesis of PSD.Methods Healthy adult SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,depression group,stroke group,and PSD group (n =5 in each group).In the stroke group,focal cerebral ischemic rat model was made with thread embolization method.In the depression group,the depression model rats were made by chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) combined with separately breeding.In the PSD group,focal cerebral ischemic rat model was made with thread embolization method firstly,and then PSD rat model was established with comprehensive chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and separately breeding on this basis.After the procedure,rats were subjected to sucrose preference test (SPT) and open field test (OFT).Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala at day 29.Results On the 29th day after CUMS,comparing the sucrose solution consumption,horizontal movement distance of open field test and vertical movement distance of the each group,the depression((26.6± 1.1)％,(63.6±2.3)cm,(26.4±1.1)cm) and the PSD groups((23.8±0.8)％,(63.0± 1.2) cm,(25.0± 1.0) cm) were significantlylower than normal ((31.2± 1.9) ％,(69.8± 2.3) cm,(31.0 ± 1.6) cm) and the stroke groups ((31.0± 1.4) ％,(70.2±2.4) cm,(30.8 ± 1.1) cm) (P＜ 0.05).Comparing the expression of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the frontal cortex,hippocampus and amygdala of the each group,the number of the stroke((16.60± 1.82),(14.60±1.82),(15.00±2.12)),depression((16.40±2.07),(14.80±2.17),(15.80±2.28)) and the PSD groups((12.40± 1.52),(11.20± 1.48),(10.80± 1.92)) were significantly less than that in normal group((20.40±3.51),(18.20±2.59),(19.00±2.55)),and the number of expression CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in the PSD group was significantly less than that in stroke and depression groups(all P＜0.05).Conclusion The number of the CNPase positive oligodendrocytes in PSD group in the emotional disorders related brain areas (the frontal lobe,hippocampus and amygdale) reduced obviously,and the oligodendrocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PSD.

Objective To investigate the expressions of glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP) in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala in post-stroke depression (PSD) in rats. Methods Healthy adult SD rats w ere randomly divided into a normal group, a depression group, a stroke group, and a PSD group ( n=5 in each group). A model of focal cerebral ischemia w as induced by the intraluminal suture method in the stroke group;a rat chronic stress depression model was induced by using chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) combined w ith single housing in the depression group;a model of focal cerebral ischemia w as induced by the intraluminal suture method in the PSD group. A rat PSD model w as induced by CUMS and single housing at 1 week after operation. The sucrose preference test (SPT) was performed in each group at day 1, 8, 15, and 29 after the first CUMS, and the open-field test ( OFT ) w as used to evaluate the depressive behaviors. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of GFAP in the prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus and amygdala at day 29. Results At day 29 after CUMS, the sucrose solution consumption in SPT and the scores of horizontaland vertical movement in OFT in the depression group and PSD group w ere decreased significantly compared w ith the normal group and the stroke group (al P<0.05);the numbers of GFAP immunopositive cel s in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala in the PSD group w ere significantly less than those in the normal group, depression group and stroke group (al P<0.05), and there w ere no significant differences among the normal group, depression group and stroke group (al P>0.05). Conclusion The decreased expression of GFAP in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdale may play a certain role in the process of PSD.

Objective To provide experimental evidences for developing a safe and effective re- combinant fowlpox virus which can prevent the infection of HIV-2.Methods A fowlpox virus(FPV) transferring vector was constructed by inserting HIV-2 gag gene to the downstream of a synthetic complex promoter ATI-p7.5?20 of vector pUTA2.Transfection was then carried out,and recombi- nant FPV(rFPV)was screened by 5'-bromo-deoxyuridine(BrdU),genome PCR and western blot detection.Balb/c mice were immunized with rFPV by muscular injection.Anti-HIV-2 antibody, CD4~+ and CD8~+ T-cell count and specific target-killing activity of spleen CTL in immunized mice were analyzed by ELISA,FACS and LDH release assay,respectively.Results A transferring vector pA- gag was constructed and confirmed by amplifying a fragment of 766 bp from the rFPV genome.Mean- while,HIV-2 multi-antibody-specific protein blot(55 000)was detected from the recombinant virus and the HIV-2 specific antibody was detected from the immunized Balb/c mice.HIV-2 specific target- killing activity of spleen CTL was observed in immunized mice.Conclusion A recombinant fowlpox virus expressing HIV-2 structural protein Gag has been obtained,and it can stimulate HIV-2-specific eelluar and humoral immune reactions in mice.

Using Vibrio fluvialis Ⅱ as host bacteria, 19 bacteriophages have been isolated from the 76 samples which were collected from Haliotis discus hannai ～growing seawater in Dalian marine culture company Dalian, liaoning province from May in 1996 to August I 1997. Ultrastructure of 19 bacteriophages were observed with electron to Bradley the results showed that of these bacteriophages belonged to Bradley A type, they have hexagonal heads of bacteriophages were identified with VP1,VP2,VP4,VP8 as representatives respectively. The phages remain stable at pH6. 0～10. 0, moreover VP2,VP4 and VP8 are rather stable at basic pHs. Although the characterization of heat inactivation course of VP4 is different from others, four phages are sensitive to heat and inactivated at 80℃ in 5 minutes. One step growth experiment showed that the eclipse period of VP1,VP2,VP4,VP8 are sensitive to heat and the eclipse period of VP1, VP2, VP4, VP8 are 42, 30, 46, 28 minutes. In this experiment we have isolated at least four different types phages, it suggest that in fact there is a population of phages in the seawater environment. The result of this study provided a way to find the potential value of phages as an indicator of pathogenic microorganisms Vibrio fluvilis Ⅱ in marine environment.

BACKGROUNDFor some high myopic patients with posterior iris bowing, laser periphery iridectomy should be performed pre-operation to prevent pupil block glaucoma if these patients would have phakic intraocular lens implantation to correct high myopia. So we had the opportunity to analysis the influence of laser iridectomy on posterior iris bowing.

METHODSEighteen high myopic patients with posterior iris bowing (11 males and 7 females) were involved in the study in Beijing Tongren Eye Center from March 2008 to July 2008. Phakic intraocular lens were implanted to correct their ametropia. The mean age was (32 ± 6) years (range, 25 - 40 years). The center anterior chamber depth, the pupil diameter, the posterior iris bowing depth and the anterior chamber angle were measured with anterior segment coherence tomography (AS-OCT) under the normal condition, myosis condition induced by 2% pilocarpine, laser periphery iridectomy after myosis, and 2% pilocarpine eluting condition respectively.

RESULTSThere was no significant difference of center anterior chamber depth under the four conditions (P = 0.512). The pupil constricted after pilocarpine (P = 0.001). After laser iridectomy performed and pilocarpine eluted, posterior iris bowing depth reduced more than that in normal condition (P = 0.003). The anterior chamber angle reduced significantly after laser periphery iridectomy and pilocarpine eluted (P = 0.012).

CONCLUSIONLaser periphery iridectomy can reduce the posterior iris bowing, which might be due to the change in aqueous circulate pathway.

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Iridectomy ; methods ; Iris Diseases ; surgery ; Male ; Myopia ; surgery

BACKGROUNDPhakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation has been a popular means for the treatment of high ametropia. Measurements of ciliary sulcus diameter is important for pIOL size determining. But till now, no perfect system can directly measure it. The present study was to evaluate the accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility of direct sulcus diameter measurements obtained by a full-scale 50-megahertz (MHz) ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).

METHODSA fresh cadaver human eye with a scale marker inserted through the posterior chamber plane from 3 o'clock to 9 o'clock meridian and 30 randomly selected eyes from 30 normal subjects were scanned by full-scale 50-MHz UBM in horizontal meridional scan plane. The distance between the scales and the whole length of the marker inside the cadaver eye were measured by the same observer using the "built-in" measurement tools and the indicating error of instrument was calculated. Reproducibility of the measurement was evaluated in 30 eyes by 2 operators using Blander and Altman plot test. Repeatability was evaluated from 10 successive eyes randomly selected from the 30 eyes by one operator.

RESULTSOn a scale of 1 mm, the greatest indicating error was 40 microm; the mean largest indicating error of 1 mm scale from the 10 images was (26 +/- 14) microm; on a scale of 11 mm, the greatest indicating error was 70 microm; the error rate was 0.64%. The mean length of the needle inside the eye of the 10 images was 11.05 mm, with the mean indicating error of 47 microm, the average error rate was 0.43%. For ciliary sulcus diameter measurements in vivo, the coefficient of variation was 0.38%; the coefficients of repeatability for intra-observer and inter-observer measurements were 1.99% and 2.55%, respectively. The limits of agreement for intra-observer and inter-observer measurement were -0.41 mm to 0.48 mm and -0.59 mm to 0.58 mm, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe full-scale 50-MHz UBM can be a high accuracy and good repeatability means for direct measuring the ciliary sulcus diameter and useful for size determining of posterior chamber pIOL.

Ciliary Body ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Microscopy, Acoustic ; methods ; standards ; Reproducibility of Results

Animals ; Carcinogens ; toxicity ; Female ; Lung Neoplasms ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Urethane ; toxicity

BACKGROUND: Edaravone can alleviate brain injury and improve neurological functions and symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of edaravone on the p38Mitogen-activated protein kinases/Caspase-3 (p38MAPK /Caspase-3) pathway after diffuse brain injury (DBI) in rats. METHODS: DBI models were established according to the description of Marmarou's method. A total of 250 rats were divided (random number) into four groups: control group (CG, n=45), model group (MG, n=77), low-dose edaravone group (n=67, dosage 5 mg/kg) and high-dose edaravone group (n=61, dosage 10 mg/kg). After 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury, brain tissues were collected. The changes of neuron morphous in the hippocampal region were observed through Nissl staining. The expression levels of phosphorylated p38MAPK and caspase-3 were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting respectively. Learning and memory function were tested with Morris water maze from the 3rd to 7th day after injury. RESULTS: Some neurons had histopathologic changes of necrosis and apoptosis in the model group compared with the control group. The phosphorylated p38MAPK expressions increased at 1, 6, 4, and 48 hours (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed at 72 hours (0.54±0.19 vs. 0.40±0.14, P>0.05). Caspase-3 expressions increased at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference at 1 hour (0.59±0.29 vs. 0.40±0.17, P>0.05). From the 3rd to 6th day during the Morris water maze test, the latency to find the platform was significantly prolonged (P<0.05) and times of rats crossing the platform was decreased on the 7th day (2.28±1.18 vs. 8.20±1.52, P<0.05). The phosphorylated p38MAPK expressions decreased at 6, 24 and 48 hours respectively in the low dose edaravone group compared with the model group (P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was seen at 1 hour (1.66±0.80 vs. 1.85±0.86, P>0.05). Caspase-3 expression decreased at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours (P<0.05). The latency to find the platform was significantly shortened (P<0.05), and times of rats crossing the platform increased (4.17±1.15 vs. 2.28±1.18, P<0.05). The above mentioned parameters changed more significantly in the high-dose edaravone group than in the low-dose edaravone group. CONCLUSION: Edaravone can alleviate brain tissue damage after DBI, inhibit p38MAP signal activation after early injury, reduce the expression of caspase-3, and promote the recovery of neurological function in the late period.