Medical care on the battlefield is the core and basis of echelons of care.This review summarizes the background and characteristics of medical care units on the battlefield from the birth and growth of mobile army surgical hospitals before being replaced by forward surgical teams and combat support hospitals, since the United States Armed Forces began to lead the world military revolution during and after the World WarⅡ.Quick adaptation to the combat envi-ronment and the combat modes is the main reason that medical care units on the battlefield are adjusted continuously.This paper may provide some ideas for the development of our medical care units on the battlefield in the future.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect and mechanism of hirudin on atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice.

METHODSTotally 24 ApoE(-/-) mice, 7-8 weeks old were fed with high fat diets. They were randomly divided into the recombinant hirudin treatment group (drug group) and the model group according to body weight and different dens, 12 in each group. Twelve C57BL/6J mice, 7-8 weeks old fed with high fat diet were recruited as the normal control group. Recombinant hirudin (0.25 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to mice in the drug group from the 10th week old once every other day for five successive weeks. Equal volume of normal saline was injected to mice in the model group. Mice in the normal control group received no treatment. All mice were sacrificed after fed with high fat diet until they were 20 weeks old. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), E-selectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and stromal metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were detected. The plaque/lumen area and extracellular lipid composition/ plaque area were analyzed by HE staining and morphometry. Changes of signaling molecules in store-operated calcium channels, including stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1), Orail protein, and transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) were determined by Western blot. Results Lipid plaque formed in the aorta vessel wall of 20-week old mice in the model group. Compared with the normal control group, serum levels of TC, TG and LDL increased (P<0.01), hs-CRP, E-selction, IL-6, and MMP-2 obviously increased (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the model group; expression levels of STIM1, TRPC1, and Orail significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the plaque/lumen area and the extracellular lipid composition/plaque area significantly decreased in the drug group (P<0.05, P<0.01); serum levels of TC and LDL, hs-CRP, E-selction, IL-6, and MMP-2 obviously decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01); expression levels of STIM1, TRPC1, and Orail were significantly down-regulated (P<0.05, P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONHirudin could significantly improve lipids and endothelial functions of ApoE(-/-) mice, down-regulate expression levels of STIM1, Orai1, and TRPC1, and thus delaying the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis.

Animals ; Aorta ; Apolipoproteins E ; metabolism ; Atherosclerosis ; C-Reactive Protein ; Cholesterol ; Diet, High-Fat ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; E-Selectin ; Hirudins ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; Lipids ; Lipoproteins, HDL ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; metabolism ; Triglycerides

Aconitum, as a kind of common traditional Chinese medicine, contains multiple biological active substances, with a very high medicinal value but high toxicity. Its major toxic ingredients are aconitine, mesaconitine and hypaconitine, which are also efficient ingredients. Therefore, the safety of its clinical application has aroused wide attention. With the constant deepening of drug development studies, people want to learn about its toxic mechanism and the regularity of its emergence and development of its toxicology, so as to make a scientific and rational assessment for its safety. Therefore, toxicokinetics and metabonomics have gradually become important content in the new drug assessment. During the development of drug performance, it is crucial to establish a scientific, objective and standardized Aconitum safety evaluation system and correctly assess and utilize its toxicity. Having summarized studies on metabonomics and toxicokinetics of Aconitum drugs in recent years, authors proposed to strengthen the studies on Aconitum drug safety assessment and establish a scientific and standardized safety evaluation system as soon as possible, in order to make the national treasure more useful.
Aconitum ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; toxicity ; Humans ; Metabolomics

Objective:To analyze the clinical prognostic factors of liposarcoma on the extremities and trunk, as well as to retrospectively analyze the effect of adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy on liposarcoma of the extremities. Methods:Patients with liposarcoma of the extremities treated in our hospital from July 1, 2007 to December 31, 2012 were followed up. The relationship of clinical prognostic factors with gender, age, location, depth, and size of the tumors, as well as the histological grade and admission status, were statistically analyzed. The effects of adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy on overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) were evaluated. Results:A total of 82 patients with extremity liposarcoma received surgery-based comprehensive treatment in our hospital. Of the total patients, 73 received a 24-month to 88-month satisfied follow-up;the median follow-up time was 47 months. The OS rate was 83.6%(61/73), and the DFS rate was 68.5%(50/73). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the tumor location, histological grade, and admission status were the independent correlative factors influencing DFS, and the age and pathologic grading were the independent correlative factors influencing the OS. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that radiation therapy can significantly improve the DFS and OS of the G2 and G3-grade liposarcoma (DFS:59.1 months vs. 28.4 months, P<0.01;OS:70.8 months vs. 55.1 months, P<0.05). Significant difference was not found in the effect of chemotherapy on OS and DFS. Conclusion:The prognosis of liposarcoma was significantly associated with the pathologic grades and subtypes. Auxiliary radiotherapy could improve the survival and prognosis of G2 and G3 liposarcoma of the extremities, but the role of chemotherapy in treating liposarcoma remained unclear.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B is a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Phosphotyrosine (pTyr) mimetics still dominate the currently available PTP1B inhibitors. The phenoxyacetic acid moiety was taken as a pTyr mimetic herein and phenoxyacetic acid-based compounds 2a-2g and 3a-3c were designed. Among them, compounds 2a-2g exhibited potent inhibition against PTP1B, and compound 2g showed an IC₅₀ of 0.42 μmol·L^-1 against PTP1B. Compound 2f exhibited pharmacological profiles similar to that of rosiglitazone, and could improve the insulin sensitivity and the serum total cholesterol level. The results suggest that PTP1B inhibitors might be effective in treating type 2 diabetes as well as associated metabolic syndromes.

This study investigated the effect of puerarin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) injured with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). HUVEC were divided into three groups: a control group, a model group (H₂O₂ 400 μmol·L^-1) and a puerarin-treated group (3, 10, 30 and 100 μmol·L^-1). HUVEC were cultured with varied concentration of puerarin for 2 h and treated with H₂O₂ for another 24 h. Cell proliferation was detected by a CCK-8 assay. The mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by a JC-1 fluorescent probe. A transwell chamber assay was adopted to observe cell migration ability. Mitochondrial respiratory function was measured in a two-chamber titration injection respirometer (Oxygraph-2k). The expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression of pyroptosis-mediated proteins, including cleaved-cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1), N-gasdermin D (N-GSDMD), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R) was detected by Western blot. The results show that 400 μmol·L^-1 H₂O₂ treatment for 24 h causes obvious damage to HUVEC. Compared with the model group, puerarin protected against cellular injury in a dose-dependent manner, with the greatest effect at a dose of 30 and 100 μmol·L^-1. Puerarin significantly decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and improved mitochondrial function. Puerarin inhibited cell migration induced by H₂O₂, suppressed the expression of IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF-α, and down-regulated the pyroptosis-mediated protein. These changes are statistically significant (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that puerarin has a protective effect against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage of HUVEC by inhibiting the migration of HUVEC cells. The mechanism may be related to improved mitochondrial respiratory function and inhibition of pyroptosis.

Adult ; Female ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens ; analysis ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; analysis ; Hepatitis B virus ; isolation & purification ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; virology ; Humans ; Ovary ; virology

Objective To investigate the effects of advanced glycation end-products(AGEPs)on the function of normal keratinocytes in vitro so as to explore the role of AGEPs in impaired wound healing. Methods Normal rat keratinocytes were incubated with different concentrations of AGEPs.After 48 hours of culturing,the cell proliferation rates were measured by MTT colorimetric determination.The cell cycle distributions and apoptosis were analyzed with flow cytometry,and the migration was investigated by 24-well fluorimetric cell migration assay kit by exposing to 100?g/ml AGEPs.Nuclear extracts from these cells were examined for binding of nucleotides containing NF-?B consensus by immunocytochemistry and EMSA in vitro.Results The proliferations of normal keratinocytes were significantly arrested and many cells were induced to early apoptosis compared with control ones(P＜0.05)by exposing to AGEPs for 48 hours. Meanwhile AGEPs also irritated keratinocytes migration compared with control ones(P＜0.05).Inhibiting the activation of NF-?B could partly recover the proliferation of keratinocytes,reverse apoptosis and attenu- ate migration.Conclusion AGEPs are correlated with the migration,proliferation and apoptosis of kera- tinocytes by NF-?B.

The response rules of pressing pain on the back section in the Governor Vessel in patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) were studied to provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of GERD. Seventy-six cases of GERD were included into an observation group while 30 healthy volunteers were recruited into a control group. A mechanical measurement device of pressing pain that could measure the pain threshold was adapted to observe the pressing pain on the back section in the Governor Vessel in GERD patients and healthy volunteers. The test area is from spinous process of the 1st thoracic vertebra to that of the 12th thoracic vertebra (T1 -T12), including acupoints and non-acupoints on the Governor Vessel. As a result, in the observation group the pain threshold of T5-T7 spinous process clearance, which was the location of Shendao (GV 11), Lingtai (GV 10) and Zhiyang (GV 9), was lower than that in the control group (all P < 0.05). This result indicated that there was significant pressing pain in T5-T7 spinous process clearance in patients with GERD, which could be taken as an important auxiliary diagnosis and a new thinking method in the treatment of GERD with acupuncture.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Meridians ; Middle Aged ; Pressure ; Sensation ; Thoracic Vertebrae ; physiopathology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study the fingerprint of Zedoary Turmeric Oil (ZTO) as the bulk drug of Kingkong Elemene for making it safe, effective, stable, and controllable.

METHODSFingerprints were detected by gas chromatography. β-elemene peak was regarded as reference peak (S). The relative peak area of each common peak and the relative retention time were calculated. With a total of modes for reference, the fingerprints of 10 batches of Kingkong ZTO were detected, and their similarity was calculated by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) fingerprint similarity calculation software.

RESULTSThe determination method was stable and reliable. Totally 19 common characteristic peaks of Kingkong ZTO was found. The fingerprint similarity of these batches of Kingkong ZTO were not lower than 0.96.

CONCLUSIONSGas chromatography for detecting the fingerprint of Kingkong ZTO was reliable and repeatable. The established fingerprint of Kingkong ZTO could guarantee the quality stability and safety of different product batches.

Chromatography, Gas ; Curcuma ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Plant Oils ; chemistry ; Sesquiterpenes ; chemistry