Objective To study the expression of substance P(SP) and substance P receptor(SPR) during the development of mice brains. Methods The expression of SP and SPR during the development of mice brains from embryonic day(E) 11 to postnatal day(P) 0 days was analyzed by immunohistochemical method. Results The expression of SP began at E11 and gradually increased until birth. The expression of SPR began at E11 and maintained stable expression until birth. SP mostly expressed at striatum and SPR mostly expressed at medullary raphe.Conclusion The expression of SP and SPR during the embryo brain stage may indicate that SP could be an important factor involved in the early organization and maturation of neuron.

In order to assess the effect of long-term versus short-term intravesical chemotherapy in preventing the recurrence of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, we searched several databases with words as mesh terms and free text words to find all eligible randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for the comparison of the two strategies of instillation durations. "Observed-Expected events research (O-E)" and "Variance (V)" for calculating hazard ratio (HR) were used in Revman 5.2 software recommended by Cochrane Collabration for data analysis. Sensitivity and subgroup analysis were selected to minish heterogeneity. GRADEpro 3.6 profile recommended by Cochrane Collabration was employed for quality assessment of analyses. Finally, 13 eligible RCTs with 4216 patients were included in this review and 16 comparisons from 13 trials were involved for analysis. The pooled analysis revealed no significant difference between long-term and short-term duration [HR=0.99, 95% CI (0.89, 1.11), P=0.89]. Within the subgroup analysis, patients benefited from long-term instillations with a start regimen of one immediate instillation [HR=0.83, 95% CI (0.69, 1.00), P=0.05]. But patients were not suitable to receive long-term instillations with epirubicin (EPI) [HR=1.01, 95% CI (0.91, 1.13), P=0.78]. The progression rate was not reduced after long-term instillations [HR=0.96, 95% CI (0.66, 1.39), P=0.82]. From our results, patients should not receive introvesical chemotherapy more than half a year. In contrast, patients with one immediate instillation are preferred to have a long-term duration at least one year. Long-term instillations can not reduce the progression rate.

Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii, an opportunistic pathogenic protozoan, is widely distributed worldwide and can cause zoonoses, which is a serious threat to human health. Nowadays, the relationship between T. gondii infection and neuropsychiatric diseases has attracted researchers' attention increasingly. T. gondii infection is related to the pathogenesis of many neuropsychiatric diseases by affecting the nervous system, such as schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer's disease, and so on. This review will focus on the relationship between T. gondii infection and neuropsychiatric diseases and summarizes the possible mechanisms of disorders resulting from T. gondii infection． It is expected that the study on the related pathogenic mechanism of T. gondii will lead to new therapeutic directions and feasible solution for the clinical treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases caused by T. gondii infection.

A flavivirus, Culex flavivirus, was first isolated from Chinese mosquitoes with high sequences similarities to those of flaviviruses found in America and Japan. In this study, a total of 48 pools of field-collected mosquitoes were sampled from Dandong of Liaoning Province, China during July to September of 2011. Six isolated viruses showing cytopathic effect (CPE) in C6/C36 cells were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)using Flavivirus genus--specific primers and Culex flavivirus-specific primers and the positive PCR-product was sequenced and compared with the sequences of 10 isolates from GenBank. Phylogenetic tree of NS5 and enevelop genes of flavivirus were constructed. The GenBank accession numbers of NS5 gene were JQ409188, JQ409186, JQ409187, JQ409191, JQ409189 and JQ409190. The GenBank accession numbers of envelope gene were JQ065883, JQ065882, JQ065881, JQ065879,JQ065877 and JQ065878.
Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; China ; Culex ; classification ; virology ; Flavivirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Insect Vectors ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

A in vitro platelet aggregation bioassay was developed for the quality control of XST capsules. The in vitro anti-platelet aggregation effect in rats was observed to detect the bioactivity of XST capsules. Panax notoginseng saponins and Xuesaitong lyophilizedpowder for injection were taken as standard control substances to determine the potency. According to the results, XST capsules showeda significant inhibitory effect on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. The in vitro anti-platelet activity oflyophilized powder for injection was stabler than that of Panax notoginseng saponins, and so suitable to serve as a standard control substance. The biological potency of XST capsules compared with standard control substance was detected by using parallel line assay. According to the results, the established bioassay method had a good repeatability (RSD 2.92%). The sample test results could pass thereliability test(linear deviation P > 0.05, parallel deviation P > 0.05). This bioassay method could be used as one of the complementary quality control methods for XST capsules.
Animals ; Capsules ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Male ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; Platelet Aggregation ; drug effects ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Saponins ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of recombination activating gene-1 (RAG-1) and its localization in the mouse brain during the embryonic development.

METHODSThe brain tissues of E (embryonic day) 11, E13, E15, E17, E19, P0 (the birth day) and adult mice were taken, the total RNA of brains were extracted and the changes of RAG-1 expression were detected with the method of RT-PCR. The freeze sections of brain tissues from each group were stained with immunohistochemistry method.

RESULTThe expression of RAG-1 persisted from E11 to P0 brain and was steadily increased from E11 to E19; the results of RT-PCR were similar to that of immunohistochemistry. The positive-cells mainly appeared in the nucleus amygdalae, hypothalamus, thalamus and hippocampus at developmental stage. The expression began to appear in ventricular zone (VZ) and intermediate zone (IZ) of telecephalic vesicle, then gradually increased in subventricular zone (SVZ), corticle plate (CP) and subcorticle plate (SP).

CONCLUSIONThe expression of RAG-1 in mouse embryonic brain tissue is higher than that in the adult mouse, which may be related to the process of neuron development.

Animals ; Brain ; cytology ; embryology ; metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Homeodomain Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Neurons ; cytology ; metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Time Factors

This study is to explore new lead compounds by inhibition of Pin1 for anticancer therapy using temperature sensitive mutants. As Pin1 is conserved from yeast to human, we established a high-throughput screening method for Pin1 inhibitors, which employed yeast assay. This method led to the identification of one potent hits, 8-11. In vitro, 8-11 inhibited purified Pin1 enzyme activity with IC50 of (10.40 +/- 1.68) micromol x L(-1), induced G1 phase arrest and apoptosis, showed inhibitory effects on a series of cancer cell proliferation, reduced Cyclin D1 expression, was defined as reciprocally matched for protein-ligand complex in virtual docking analysis and reduced cell migration ability. In vivo, we could observe reduction of tumor volume after treatment with 8-11 in xenograft mice compared with vehicle DMSO treatment. Altogether, these results provide for the first time the involvement of 8-11 in the anticancer activity against Pin1.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cyclin D1 ; metabolism ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; methods ; G1 Phase ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; methods ; Humans ; Mice ; NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase ; Neoplasms ; pathology ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Temperature ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ; Yeasts

Objective To investigate the liver injury and pathological changes of rat and patients with Clonorchis sinensis(C, sinensis) infection, and to clarify the role of apoptosis in the injury induced by C. sinensis.Methods Wistar rats were divided into two group: 60 in infection group and 20 in control. The rats in infection group were infected with C. sinensis via oral feeding encysted cercaria;rats in control group were fed with normal saline. The rats were sacrificed 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks after infection, respectively. Liver tissue specimens of the patients infected with C. sinensis were collected. The pathological changes of liver tissue were observed by light microscopy and the apoptofic rate of hepatocyte was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) assay. Results Parasites and eggs could he seen around the bile duct, and the duct was associated with mucosa and adenoma papillary hyperplasia, wall thickening, inflammatory cell infiltration, a small amount of fibrous tissue hyperplasia, and periportal liver cells surrounded by a number of nuclear condensation, all these changes meant morphological characteristics of apoptosis. Apoptotic rates of liver cells in infection group 4, 6,8 and 12 weeks after infection were (7.15 ± 1.50)%,(11.61 ± 3.09)%,(13.21 ± 3.47)% and (11.26 ± 4.06)%,respectively, which was significantly higher than that in control group [(2.57 ± 0.72)%, (3.17 + 0.77)%, (3.67 ±0.96)% and (2.84 ± 0.87)%, t values were 4.45, 5.49, 5.95 and 4.74, respectively, all P < 0.01]. Conclusions These findings indicate that C, sinensis can stimulate both hepatoeytic apoptosis and degeneration which may he related to clinical manifestations and liver lesions in patients with clonorchiasis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 19 STR Loci in Shandong Han population in order to provide the genetic data for paternity testing. METHODS: The genotypes of 205 unrelated individuals in Shandong Han population were typed by Goldeneye 20A kit to get the allele frequencies and population genetic parameters of 19 STR loci. Four kits, Identifiler kit, SinoFiler kit, PowerPlex 16 kit, and Goldeneye 20A kit, were compared with each other and used in the analysis of a special paternity test case. RESULTS: The population genetic parameters of 19 STR loci in Shandong Han Population were obtained. The cumulative discrimination power (CDP) and cumulative probability of exclusion (CPE) ranked from high to low were Goldeneye 20A kit, SinoFiler kit, PowerPlex 16 kit and Identifiler kit, respectively. As duo case, the result of the real case showed that Identifiler kit had no excluding loci, and none of the SinoFiler kit, PowerPlex 16 kit or Goldeneye 20A kit could exclude fatherhood. CONCLUSION Compared with Identifiler kit, SinoFiler kit, and PowerPlex 16 kit, Goldeneye 20A kit shows the higher efficiency than the others, but is not completely satisfied for duo cases.
Asian People/genetics* ; China ; Forensic Genetics/methods* ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Loci/genetics* ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Paternity ; Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of formaldehyde inhalation on the morphological damage, and Glu, GABA and NOS contents in olfactory bulb and hippocampus of rats.

METHODSTwenty SD rats were equally divided into two groups: rats in the control group inhaled fresh air, while the animals in experimental group were exposed to the air containing formaldehyde (12.5 mg/m(3), 4 h/d) for 7 days. Then rats were sacrificed and frozen sections of olfactory bulb and hippocampus were prepared. The morphological changes were examined and the Glu, GABA and NOS contents were detected using Nissl-staining, immunohistochemistry and Western blot, respectively.

RESULTCompared with the control group, there was a significant confusion and shrink of neuron morphology in experimental group, the number and staining intensity of Glu and NOS positive cells and protein contents were reduced. The protein expression of GABA was also decreased in the formaldehyde group.

CONCLUSIONFormaldehyde inhalation can cause a severe morphological damage of olfactory bulb and hippocampus in SD rats,which may further impair memory and learning ability through the reduction of Glu, GABA and NOS expression.

Animals ; Formaldehyde ; toxicity ; Glutamic Acid ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Inhalation Exposure ; Learning ; drug effects ; Neurons ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; Olfactory Bulb ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; metabolism